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Imam Abu Hanifa

faqih
whose 
fatwas
decided the correctness or error of judgements. If he refused that 
office, it meant that his prior criticism was merely destructive since he now had the opportunity to be 
constructive and had refused. Since he was the foremost 
faqih
in the view of the people of Iraq, the khalif was 
correct in wanting to make him the Chief 
Qadi
. If he refused, he could be forced to accept the post. So when 
he refused, al-Mansur punished him by flogging and imprisonment or simply imprisonment, according to 
which version of the story is correct. We will see what the sources state. 
We read in 
The Virtues
by al-Makki:
When Abu Hanifa was taken to Baghdad, he came out with a shining face and said, “This man has 
summoned me to be 
qadi
and I told him that I am not fit. I know that the claimant must provide 
evidence while the oath absolves the one who denies the charge. The only one fit to be 
qadi
is the one 
whose personality is such that he can command authority over you, your children, and your leaders. I 
am not like that. You summon me and I experience no relief until I part from you.” He said, “You do 
not accept my gift.” I said, “I have returned whatever money the Amir al-Mu’minin sent. If that is the 


gift, I accept it. The Amir al-Mu’minin has connected me to the treasury of the Muslims. I have no 
right to their money. I am not one of those who fights for them so that I should take what the fighter 
takes. I am not one of their children so as to take what their children take. I am not one of their poor 
so as to take what the poor take.” He said, “You will be 
qadi
in what they need from you.” 
Al-Bazzari said in 
The Virtues
,
Al-Mansur imprisoned Abu Hanifa to force him to become Chief 
Qadi
and he received 110 lashes. 
He was released from prison on the basis that he would stay at home and he was asked to give 
fatwa
regarding the judgements presented to him. Al-Mansur used to send questions to him but he did not 
give 
fatwa
. He ordered him to be re-imprisoned. Abu Hanifa was imprisoned again and was harsh and 
severe to him. 
We read in the 
History of Baghdad
,
Al-Mansur sent for Abu Hanifa, wanting to appoint him 
qadi
, but he refused. Al-Mansur swore that 
he would do it and Abu Hanifa swore that he would not. Al-Mansur swore again that he would do it 
and Abu Hanifa swore that he would not. Ar-Rabi,‘ the chamberlain, said, “Do you not see that the 
Amir al-Mu’minin has sworn?” Abu Hanifa said, “The Amir al-Mu’minin can expiate his oaths better 
than I can.” He refused the appointment therefore al-Mansur ordered his imprisonment. 
Ar-Rabi‘ ibn Yunus said:
I saw the Amir al-Mu’minun clash with Abu Hanifa over the qadiship. Abu Hanifa said, “Fear 
Allah and do not give your trust except to the one who fears Allah. By Allah, I am safe from 
favouritism but how can I be safe from anger? If you threaten to drown me in the Euphrates unless I 
accept the appointment, I would prefer to be drowned. You have courtiers who need those who 
honour them for your sake. I am not fit for that.” Al-Mansur said to him, “You lie, you are fit.” Abu 
Hanifa retorted, “I have declared myself unfit so how can it be lawful for you to appoint someone 
who is a liar as 
qadi
?” 
There are a number of points to be noted in these stories. Firstly, when Abu Hanifa refused the qadiship, he 
refused it not only because al-Mansur appointed him, but because he saw it as a perilous post and thought that 
perhaps he would not be strong enough to do it, that his conscience would not be strong enough to bear its 
burdens and his will not strong enough to contain his feelings. He saw the post of 
qadi
as a trial which made 
all other trials insignificant. His refusal does not necessarily have a political cause. 
Secondly, al-Mansur was suspicious about the cause behind Abu Hanifa’s refusal and did not believe that 
it was based purely the avoidance of bearing the responsibility of judgements. That is why he specifically 
asked for the reason he had refused the stipend, even if there was no connection between refusing to be 
qadi
and refusing the stipend, as this question would indicate. Al-Mansur believed that his grounds for suspicion 
were confirmed. Moreover, the retinue around al-Mansur provoked him when he was undisturbed and directed 
his attention to Abu Hanifa. 
The third point is that Abu Hanifa was not diplomatic in his replies. He did not use honeyed words and did 
not use devices to extricate himself. He was forthright with the truth and unconcerned about the consequences. 
He endured them. So he refused to be 
qadi
and refused to give 
fatwa
and clearly stated that he refused the 
stipend because it was from the Muslim treasury and that it was not lawful for him. Then the khalif took an 
oath and so did he without concern. Rather he thought of the ultimate end and of his reward with Allah. 
Eventually the ordeal befell Abu Hanifa. The transmitters agree that he was imprisoned and that he did not 
sit to give 
fatwa
or teach after that, since he died during or after this ordeal. Sources differ as to whether he 
died in prison after the flogging, which most say, or died in prison by being poisoned according to those who 
say that al-Mansur was not content to flog him, but poisoned the shaykh to hasten his end, or was released 
before he died and then died at home while refusing to teach and meet people. These three versions are 
mentioned in his biographies and elsewhere.
It is related that he stayed in prison after the flogging until he died, and Da’ud ibn Rashid al-Wasiti said, “I 
was present when the Imam was tortured to force him to accept the appointment as 
qadi
. He was taken out 


each day and given ten lashes until he had received 110 lashes. He was told, ‘Accept the qadiship!’ and he 
would reply, ‘I am not fit.’ The beatings continued and he said silently, ‘O Allah, put their evil far from me by 
Your power.’ When he continued to refuse, they poisoned him and so killed him.” 
Al-Bazzari says that after he was imprisoned for a time, al-Mansur spoke to some of his close advisors and 
brought him out of prison. He refused to give 
fatwa
, hold audience with people or leave his house and 
remained so until his death. 
We incline to this final version because it tallies with the course of events and what we know of al-Mansur 
which is that al-Mansur did not want to appear to be an oppressor of knowledge and scholars. When events 
forced him to punish Abu Hanifa, he produced a justification which had an adequate logical basis: to force 
him to act as 
qadi
. He did not punish him out of simple malice. When this failed to produce a result, he did not 
insist on it so as to disclose his true motive. The general populace had also to be taken into account so he did 
not continue with the punishment. Sources agree that he ordered that he should be buried beside Abu Hanifa’s 
grave. It is reported that al-Mansur prayed over his grave after his death and al-Mansur would not have done 
that if he had died in his prison. 
Abu Hanifa died the death of the true men and martyrs in 150 or 153 AH. The first date is sounder. When 
he died, he left instructions that he should not be buried in any land which the ruler had misappropriated. 
When he heard this, al-Mansur said, “Who will save me from Abu Hanifa, both when he was alive and now 
when he is dead?” 
He died in Baghdad and was buried there. Reports agree about that. But did his teaching circle also move 
there? No historian mentions that Abu Hanifa moved his centre of teaching to Baghdad. All reports indicate 
that he remained teaching in Kufa until he stopped teaching and giving 
fatwa
. After his ordeal, he did not 
resume teaching before his death. This does not mean that he did not have any teaching circle outside of Kufa. 
It is related that when he went on 
hajj
, he gave 
fatwa
, debated and studied, and at times he had a teaching 
circle in the
Masjid al-Haram
. We cannot deny that during the period in which he went to the Haram on 
account of the injustice of the Umayyad governor that he had a teaching circle in which he set forth his 
opinions and 
fiqh
, even if the sources do not mention it, one way or the other. 
He also had debates with the 
fuqaha’
like those he had with al-Awza‘i and there is a record of his studying 
some of the opinions of 
fiqh
with Imam Malik and there were also many debates in Basra. Nonetheless, his 
principal school was in Kufa which is why he is known as ‘the 
Faqih
of Kufa’. 



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