E. The University of Bologna in Italy, regarded as the oldest university in Europe, was the second
institution to confer the degree of Doctor in Civil Law in the late XII
th
century; it also conferred
similar degrees in other subjects, including medicine.
F. The University of Paris used the term «master» for its graduates, a practice adopted by the English
Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, as well as the ancient Scottish Universities of St Andrews,
Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh.
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