Task 3. History of the Periodic Table Practice Problems
1. A) Name the 6 scientists who helped develop the periodic table.
B) Describe the contribution (name the theory/law) of each scientist using 2 or 3 words.
2. Describe why Dobereiner put certain elements into triads.
3. Explain how the chemical symbols of Berzelius were different than modern symbols.
4. What instrument did John Newlands play, which led to him naming his idea the Law of
Octaves?
alkaline earth metals
101
5. Why is Dmitri Mendeleev more famous for his periodic table than Lothar Meyer?
6. Why is atomic number a better way to order elements than atomic mass?
Learn the names of elements in the Periodic Table by Mendeleev. Follow their right pronunciation
№
Symbol-English
Reading
Uzbek
Russian
1
Al – aluminium
[ˌæljə´mɪnɪəm]
Alyuminiy
Алюминий
2
Ag – argentum
[ɑː´dʒɛntəm]
Kumush
Серебро
3
Ar – argon
[´ɑːgɔn]
Argon
Аргон
4
As – arsenic
[´ɑːs(ə)nɪk]
Mishyak
Мышьяк
5
Au – aurum= gold
[´ɔːrəm] = [gəuld]
Oltin
Золото
6
B - boron
[´bɔːrɔn]
Bor
Бор
7
Ba - barum
[´beərɪəm]
Bariy
Барий
8
Be - beryllium
[bəˈrɪlɪəm]
Berilliy
Бериллий
9
Bi - bismuth
[ˈbɪzməθ]
Vismut
Висмут
10
Br - bromine
[´brəumiːn]
Brom
Бром
11
C - carbon
[´kɑːb(ə)n]
Uglerod
углерод
12
Ca - calcium
[´kælsɪəm]
kalsiy
кальций
13
Ce - cerium
[´sɪərɪəm]
Seriy
церий
14
Cd - cadmium
[´kædmɪəm]
Kadmiy
кадмий
15
Cl - chlorine
[´klɔːriːn]
Xlor
хлор
16
Co- cobalt
[´kəubɔːlt]
Kobalt
кобальт
17
Cr - chromium
[´krəumɪəm]
Xrom
Хром
18
Cs - caesium
[´siːzɪəm]
Seziy
Цезий
HOME ASSIGNMENT
102
19
Cu - copper
[´kɔpə]
Mis
Медь
20
F - fluorine
[´flɔːriːn ], [´fluə riːn]
Ftor
Фтор
21
Fe - ferrum = iron
[´fer m] = [´aɪən]
Temir
железо
22
Ge – germanium
[ʤɜː´meɪnɪəm]
Germaniy
германий
23
H - hydrogen
[´haɪdrəʤən]
Vodorod
водород
24
He -helium
[´hiːlɪəm]
Geliy
гелий
25
Hg – hydrargyrum =
mercury
[haɪ´drɑːʤɪrəm]
[´mɜːkjərɪˌ
´mɜːkjurɪ]
Simob
ртуть
26
I - iodine
[´aɪədiːn]
Yod
иод
27
Ir - iriridium
[ɪ´rɪdɪəm ], [aɪ-]
Iridiy
иридий
28
K - kalium =
potassium
[´k l m] =
[pəˈtasɪəm][pə´tæsɪəm]
Kaliy
калий
29
Li - lithium
[´lɪθɪəm]
Litiy
литий
30
Mg- magnesium
[mæg´niːzɪəm]
Magniy
магний
31
Mn – manganese
[´mæŋgəniːz]
Marganes
марганец
32
Mo – molybdenum
[mə´lɪbdənəm]
Molibden
молибден
33
N - nitrogen
[´n tri
n]
Azot
азот
34
Na
– natrium =
sodium
[´naɪtrəʤən][ˈnʌɪtrədʒ(ə)n]=
[´səudɪəm]
Natriy
натрий
35
Ne – neon
[´niːɔn]
Neon
неон
36
Ni – nickel
[´nɪkl]
Nikel
никел
37
O - oxygen
[´ɔksɪʤən]
Kislorod
кислород
38
P - phosphorus
[´fɔsf(ə)rəs]
Fosfor
фосфор
103
39
Pb – plumbum
[´plʌmbəm]
qo´rg´oshin
свинец
40
Pt - platinum
[´plætɪnəm]
Platina
Платина
41
Ra – radium
[´reɪdɪəm]
Radiy
радий
42
Rb – rubidium
[ruː´bɪdɪəm]
Rubidiy
рубидий
43
S - sulphur
[´sʌlfə]
oltingugurt
сера
44
Sb – antimony
[´æntɪmənɪ]
Surma
сурьма
45
Se – selenium
[sɪ´liːnɪəm]
Selen
Селен
46
Si - silicon
[´sɪlɪkən]
Kremniy
Кремний
47
Sn – stannum = tin
[´stænəm]= [tɪn]
Qalay
Олово
48
Sr - strontium
[´strɔntɪəm, ˈstrɒnʃ(ɪ)əm]
stroniy
Стронций
49
Te – tellurium
[te´luərɪəm]
Tellur
Теллур
50
Th – thorium
[´θɔːrɪəm]
Toriy
Торий
51
Ti - titanium
[tɪ´teɪnɪəmˌ taɪ´teɪnɪəm]
Titan
Титан
52
U - uranium
[juə´reɪnɪəm]
Uran
Уран
53
W – wolfram =
tungsten
[´wulfrəm] =[ˈtʌŋst(ə)n]
Volfram
Вольфрам
54
Zn – zinc
[zɪŋk]
Rux
Цинк
55
Zr - zirconium
[zɜː´kəunɪəm]
sirkoniy
Цирконий
104
TEXT A. WHAT IS PETROLEUM?
PRE-READING: Task 1. Match the words and word combinations to their right translations
1
Fossil fuel
A
Углеводороды
A
Qazish
2
Crude oil
B
Разработка
B
Xom neft
3
Porous rocks
C
Переработка
C
G'ovak jinslar
4
Hydrocarbons
D
Разведка
D
Ishlov berish
5
Non-renewable energy E
Добыча
E
Uglevodorodlar
6
Btu
F
Запасы природной нефти F
Qayta ishlash
7
Low-calorie gas
G
Сырая нефть
G
Qayta
tiklanmas
manbaa (energiya)
8
Rich gas
H
Пористые породы
H
Qidirish
9
Exploration
I
Морской (о месторожде-
Нии)
I
Qazib olish
10 Development
J
Невозобновляемый вид
Энергии
J
Britaniya issiqlik birligi
11 Production
K
Переработка и сбыт неф-
Ти или нефтепродуктов
(сегмент нефтегазового
Сектора)
K
Qazib
olinadigan
yoqilg'i
12 Refining
L
Британская тепловая еди
Ница, бте (составляет
Около 1060 джоулей)
L
Quyuq (bo'y) gaz
13 Upstream
M
Жирный газ (газ с боль-
Шим содержанием паров
Бензина)
M
Tabiiy neft zahiralari
14 Downstream
N
Низкокалорийный газ
N
Qidirish va qazib olish
15 Conventional
oil
reserves
O
Ископаемое топливо
O
Neftni qayta ishlash va
sotish
16 Offshore
P
Разведка
и
добыча
(сегмент нефтегазового
сектора)
P
Past kaloriyali gaz
LESSON 17 ESP: BLACK GOLD
105
While - reading: Read the text and translate into Russian / Uzbek
Petroleum is a fossil fuel (crude oil and natural gas), trapped in porous rocks. Crude oil and
natural gas are also referred to as hydrocarbons. They both consist of two major elements-hydrogen
and carbon, the only difference being in the molecule sizes. But in the business world petroleum is
considered as merchandise, whose price is constantly increasing.
Nowadays petroleum plays an important role in a global economy. The primary factors in the
increase of petroleum price are the growing oil & gas consumption and its scarcity. Petroleum is the
main source of non-renewable energy and according to some estimates its production will start to
decrease around 2010. The total known reserves of hydrocarbons are 140 billion tons, which will be
enough only for 42 years at the present rate of consumption.
The unit of volume for oil is the barrel (bbl). One barrel is equivalent to 159 litres. Some
countries use the ton or metric ton as a unit of measurement, because of the density variations of
crude oil. The common measurement unit for gas is expressed volumetrically under atmospheric
pressure and room temperature when it is in a gaseous state, and by tons when it is in compressed
liquid form, as in a bottle of butane. However, many countries use SI (Standard International) units,
namely the cubic meter (m
3
), and the cubic feet (28.317 litres). Gas values are mainly expressed in
British Thermal Unit (BTU).
Petroleum has different physical characteristics depending on its geographical origin and
depositional profile. That‘s why there are different types of oil where the world pricing standard is
the Brent. During refining, because of its superior physical properties, Brent provides 80 % light
products (e.g. gasoline) and 20 % heavy products (e.g. fuel oil). Some other types of quality crude oil
are West Texas Intermediate (WTI), Dubai, Tapis (Malaysia), Urals or Kazakh Blend and Minas
(Indonesia).
Where natural gas is concerned, there are two basic categories: low-calorie gas (with high
nitrogen content) and rich gas.
Oil and gas industry can be divided into two parts: upstream and downstream. Upstream is
usually understood as exploration, development and production, whereas downstream is refining,
marketing and distribution. Transportation is a separate sector in-between upstream and downstream.
Major petroleum suppliers
The most important producers of crude oil are Saudi Arabia, Russia, USA and Iran.
According to conventional oil reserves, the major part of crude oil is located in the Middle East:
Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq. Kazakhstan also plays an important role in global energy, having been
placed 9th in the world according to oil reserves.
Areas that contain the largest volumes of undiscovered conventional oil include the Middle
East, Western Siberia, the Caspian region, and the Niger and Congo deltas. Significant undiscovered
oil resource potential was suggested in a number of areas that do not have important production
history, such as northeast Greenland and offshore Surinam and Brazil.
Areas that contain the largest volumes of undiscovered conventional gas include the West
Siberian Basin, the shelves of the Barents Sea, the Middle East and offshore Norway. Significant
additional undiscovered gas resources may occur in a number of areas where large discoveries have
been made but remain undeveloped.
106
Post-reading: Answer the following questions:
1. What is the petroleum?
2. Where is the petroleum trapped?
3. What is the content of petroleum?
4. What factors cause the increase in the price of petroleum?
5. What is the unit of volume for oil?
6. How many liters is equivalent to one barrel of oil?
7. What is the common measurement unit for gas?
8. Why does petroleum have different physical characteristics?
9. Which type of petroleum is the world pricing standard? Why?
10. How many categories of gas are there?
11. How many parts is the petroleum industry divided to? What are they?
12. Which part does your specialty belong to?
Task 1. Translate the following phrases into Russian / Uzbek.
Petroleum is the fossil fuel (crude oil and natural gas), trapped in porous rocks. Crude oil and
natural gas are also referred to as hydrocarbons. Both of them consist Both of them consist of two
major elements – hydrogen and carbon, the difference is only in the molecules size. Petroleum is the
source of non-renewable energy and according to prognosis its production will start decreasing
around 2010. The total reserve of hydrocarbons is 140 billion tons. It will be enough only for 42
years of consumption. According to conventional oil reserves, the major part of crude oil is located in
the Middle East: Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq. Kazakhstan also has an important role in global energy
– it has 9th place in the world according to its oil reserves.
Task 2. Complete the gaps with appropriate terms.
The most important producers of ..................... are Saudi Arabia, Russia, USA and Iran. According
to ....................., the major part of crude oil is located in the Middle East: Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq.
Oil and gas industry can be dividedinto two parts: ..................... and downstream. Upstream
is ....................., development and ....................., downstream is ....................., marketing and
distribution. Transportation is in-between upstream and ..................... Petroleum is the.......................
trapped in porous rocks.
Task 3. Translate into English:
Природные запасы нефти во всем мире ограничены. В нефтегазовой промышленности
выделяются два основных сегмента: 1) разведка и добыча, 2) переработка, транспортировка и
сбыт. На этом месторождении добываются газ и газоконденсат. На мировом рынке торгуются
несколько основных марок нефти. Казахстанская нефть содержит серу и другие примеси.
Task 4. For note for oilman:
In XX century the Seven Sisters were made-up of the following companies:
• Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso), which merged with Mobil to form ExxonMobil.
• Royal Dutch Shell (Anglo-Dutch)
• Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) (British). This later became Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
(AIOC), then British Petroleum, and then BP Amoco following a merger with Amoco (which in turn
was formerly Standard Oil of Indiana). It is now known solely by the initials BP.
107
• Standard Oil Co. of New York (“Socony”). This later became Mobil, which merged with Exxon to
form ExxonMobil.
• Standard Oil of California (“Socal”). This became Chevron, then, upon merging with Texaco,
ChevronTexaco. It has since dropped the ‗Texaco‘ suffix, returning to Chevron.
• Gulf Oil. In 1985 most of Gulf became part of Chevron, with smaller parts becoming part of BP,
and Cumberland Farms, in what was at that time the largest merger in world history. A network of
stations in the northeastern United States still bears this name.
• Texaco. Merged with Chevron in 2001. The merged company was known for a time as
ChevronTexaco, but in 2005 it changed its name back to Chevron. Texaco remains as a Chevron
brand name. As of 2009, the surviving companies are ExxonMobil, Chevron, Shell, and BP, now
members of the ―supermajors‖ group together with Total and ENI. On 11 March 2007, the Financial
Times identified the ―New Seven Sisters‖: the most influential and mainly state-owned national oil
and gas companies from countries outside the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development).
They are: Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia), Gazprom (Russia), CNPC (China)
NIOC (Iran), PDVSA (Venezuela), Petrobras (Brazil), Petronas (Malaysia)
Task 5. Look at the pictures and put the jumbled letters in order.
AXLORTPIONE
HOSRENO
OFSORFEH
OAEPATINSR
SORGETA
AGS NPATL
108
SGA RCOEPSIONMS
PEEIPLNSI
IOL GIR
109
Write the translations of the words in UZBEK and RUSSIAN
EENISHENG
ENGLISH
UZBEK
RUSSIAN
oil refinery
Refined
Gasoline
distillate fuel oil
liquefied petroleum gas
lubricating oil
residual fuel
Aromatics
paraffin
Naphthenes
sour crude
sweet crude
gas fractionation plant
Distillation
distilling column
Reforming
Cracking
marketable commodities
p
PETROLEUM REFINING
Crude oil and natural gas are mixtures of different hydrocarbon molecules which can be
processed or refined into various products. An oil refinery is an installation that produces finished
petroleum products from crude oil, unfinished oils, natural gas liquids and other hydrocarbons.
Refined petroleum products include but are not limited to gasoline, kerosene, distillate fuel oils,
liquefied petroleum gas, asphalt, lubricating oils, diesel fuels, and residual fuels.
Regarding chemical composition, crude oil consists of three main hydrocarbon groups:
aromatics, paraffins and naphthenes.
HOME ASSIGNMENT
110
As crude oil flows from the well it may also contain some quantities of other materials and/or
impurities such as CO
2
, nitrogen, sulphur, salt and water. If a crude oil contains considerable
quantities of sulphur (over 5%) it is called sour crude; if it contains little or no sulphur it is called
sweet crude. In the refinery, most of the non-hydrocarbon substances are removed. Then the oil is
broken down into its various components, and either used singly or blended into useful end products.
Natural gas from the well - methane (more than 95 % of production volume) contains quantities
of other hydrocarbon molecules - ethane, propane, butane, pentane, etc. plus also carbon dioxide and
water. These components are separated from the methane at a gas fractionation plant.
Every refinery begins with the separation of crude oil into different fractions by distillation.
Then chemical processes are used to produce end products.
Because crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules with different boiling temperatures, it
can be separated by distillation into groups of hydrocarbons that evaporate between two specified
boiling points. In refineries, two types of distillation are performed: atmospheric and vacuum.
Atmospheric distillation takes place in a distilling column at atmospheric pressure. The crude
oil is heated to 350 – 400 0C and the vapor and liquid are piped into a distilling column. The liquid
falls to the bottom and the vapor rises, passing through a series of perforated trays (sieve trays).
Heavier hydrocarbons condense more quickly and settle on lower trays and lighter hydrocarbons
remain as a vapor longer and condense on higher trays. After distillation, many of the separated
products undergo further chemical processing, like reforming and cracking, before they can be
transformed into marketable commodities.
Match the pictures with the words
a) jut fuel, paraffin for lighting and heating b) chemicals c) diesel fuels d) petro; for vehicles
e) fuels for ships, factories and central heating f) liquefied petroleum gas g) bitumen for roads and
roofing h) lubricating oils, waxes, polishes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
f
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
111
Conversation questions:
1. What is your field of science?
2. What are the current issues in your field of science?
3. Have new areas of research appeared in recent years?
4. What are the latest achievements in your field of science/research?
5. Have many fundamental discoveries been made in your field of science?
6. Can you name some outstanding researchers in your field of science? What contribution have
they made?
7. Do achievements in your branch of science influence everyday life? In what way?
8. What further developments can you predict in your field of science?
SAMPLE TEXT:
Chemical Industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Chemical industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan includes enterprises, producing mineral
fertilisers, chemical plant protection agents, chemical fibres and threads, synthetic resins, polymeric
items and other products.
The main activity of Uzkimyosanoat SJSC consists in managing the state share fraction of
chemical enterprises in Uzbekistan.
Main types of manufactured products
LESSON 18 CONVERSATION: THE ROLE MY SPECIALTY IN THE
IN INDUSTRY OF UZBEKISTAN
112
Structure of manufactured products
Growth dynamics for number of countries and export- oriented products
113
Main directions of chemical industry development
114
Chemistry is an amazing subject which combines a number of different sciences, attempting
to make sense of the complicated world we live in. Try our fun chemistry quiz and see what you
really know about topics such as organic chemistry, atoms, reactions, acids and bases. It‘s a good
practice test for kids or students with an upcoming exam and even if you think you're already an
expert you can certainly learn a thing or two, increasing your knowledge of both chemistry and
general science trivia at the same time.
1. What is the first element on the periodic table?
2. What is the centre of an atom called?
3. True or false? Acids have a pH level below 7.
4. What is the main gas found in the air we breath?
5. True or false? An electron carries a positive charge.
6. Famous New Zealand scientist Ernest Rutherford was awarded a Nobel Prize in which field?
7. What is the chemical symbole for gold?
8. K is the chemical symbol for which element?
9. What orbits the nucleus of an atom?
10. At room temperature, what is the only metal that is in liquid form?
11. True or false? A neutron has no net electric charge.
12. A nuclear reaction where the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts is known as nuclear
fission or nuclear fision?
13. What is the H
2
0 more commonly known as?
14. What is thethird most common gas found in the air we breathe?
15. What is the name given to substances that are initially involved in a chemical reaction?
16. True or false? Bases have a pH level below 7.
17. Is sodium hydroxide (NaOH) an acid or base?
18. Atoms of the same chemical element that have different atomic mass are known as?
19. True or false? A proton carries a positive charge.
20. What is the fourth most abundant element in the universe in terms of mass?
QUIZZES AND CROSSWORDS
SCIENCE QUIZZES
115
1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Across: 2. A dumb-bell shaped space in which to find an electron. 3. In the iron atom, in which
numbered shell are the outer s electrons? 4. Not so much a bore. more an enlightened scientist. 6. A
pale yellow coloured halogen. 7. A space in which to find an electron. 9. Fe. 10. Cry's when you try
to bend it. 12. Just 3 electrons. 14. Pretty lights. 15. Used to measure the mass of atomic and
molecular particles. 18. You get one of these when you pass light through a prism. 22. An element
with four outer electrons. 24. Calcium can look like this when heated. 25. How many s electrons in a
sodium atom? 26. What is the atomic number of calcium? 27. A red element. 28. Neon-22 is one of
three. 29. Orbitals.
Down: 1. What type of charge is carried by a cation? 2. A nucleon with a positive charge. 5. Which
numbered shell has the lowest energy? 8. If sodium gives a yellow flame test what does potassium
give? 9. As you go across a period from L to R this increase. 11. How many p electrons does Be
have? 13. This nucleon has no electrical charge. 16. A principal energy level. 17. This is
infinitesimally small, very elusive and negatively charged. 19. Which element has the electronic
structure, 2, 8, 2? 20. Very, very small but extremely heavy. 21. It has just one 6s electron. 23. Is the
calcium ion singly or doubly charged?
116
2. PERIODIC TABLE
Across:
1. The metals in group II in the periodic table have a family name. Calcium is one of these. (8, 5, 5).
6. A vertical arrangement of elements in the periodic table.7. A metal which burns with a blinding
white light. (symbol). 10. A gift from the three wise men.11. A reddish-brown, highly toxic, element.
(symbol). 12. A gaseous element used in advertising. (symbol). 13. Moissan received the Nobel prize
in 1906 for isolating this very reactive element.15. The number of electrons in a sodium atom.16. In
1789 this element was named by the German chemist, Martin Klaproth, after a planet which had been
discovered eight years previously. The element is an actinide.19. This element is found in group IV
in the periodic table. It has a metallic appearance and a very high melting point. (symbol). 20. Which
is the least reactive of the alkali metals? (symbol). 22. The father of the periodic table. (7, 9). 25. In
1808 the French chemist, Joseph Gay-Lussac, isolated this group III element by heating its oxide
with potassium. The pure elementburns for a short period with a brilliant green flame when heated
above 500 C. 26. This is in the first transition series. However, it is not consideredto be a transition
element. 28. This is an element in group six and was discovered by Scheele. 30. The number of outer
electrons in a selenium atom. 31. The horizontal arrangements of elements in the periodic table. 33.
This metal is used to help protect iron from rusting. (symbol). 34. In 1882 this German physician and
117
chemist received the Davy medal (of the Royal Society) which he shared jointly with the Russian
chemist Mendeleev.35. This element produces a violet coloured vapour when heated. (symbol). 36. A
transition metal important in the construction industry. 37. Brimstone. (symbol). 38. A group I
element whose name derives from the Latin for sky blue. (symbol).
Down:1. A noble metal.2. An alkali metal in period three. (symbol). 3. In 1894 William Ramsay and
John Rayleigh named this element from the Greek for inert.4. Salt makers.5. This element is in the
first transition series. It is a very strong metal and melts at nearly 1700 C. It was named after gods in
Greek mythology.(symbol). 8. A characteristic of these elements is that they each have a number of
oxidation states. They form a large family having many properties in common.9. At the time, it was
widely reported that a Russian double agent was assassinated by being given this radioactive element
in his food or drink. (symbol). 14. We apply this term to atoms or ions with the same number and
arrangement of electrons.17. As you go down a group of elements in the periodic table the value of
this increases. (4, 4). 18. The carbonate of this metal has been used as a paint pigment. It is, however,
poisonous. 21. An element has moderately high electronegativity, it exihibits covalent bonding and it
forms yellow and red allotropes. In which group does it occur in the periodic table? 22. As you go
from left to right across period 3 does electrical conductivity increase or decrease? 23. This is a
transition element and was discovered by the Swedishchemist A.G.Ekeberg in 1802. It was a
tantalizing task to track itdown! (symbol). 24. This element is in the first transition series. It has a
total of five 3d & 4s electrons.27. This is a coinage metal and many of its compounds are blue or
green. 29. The second element in group zero.32. An element discovered in 1886 by the French
chemist, Lecoq de Boisbaudran (who also discovered gallium much to the excitement of Mendeleev)
having a relative atomic mass of 162. (symbol)33. Between germanium and lead. (symbol).
118
3. CHEMICAL BONDING & STRUCTURES
Across: 1. Weak intermolecular bonds (3, 3, 4, 6). 4. It has the highest melting point of any metal
(symbol). 5. He formulated rules helping to decide the degree of covalency of a solid. 6. As a general
rule, are organic compounds high melting or low melting.? 10. Distort (with respect to an electron
cloud). 11. An excellent conductor of heat and electricity (symbol). 13. The attractive force between
two oppositely charged ions (5, 4). 15. This gives a lilac flame test and a yellow precipitate with
silver nitrate solution (formula). 17. A highly electronegative element (formula). 19. Therse are
responsible for the relatively high boiling point of water (8, 5). 23. This melts at zero centigrade and
floats on water. 24. This sublimes and, in the vapour state, is comprised of isolated diatomic
molecules. 26. The amount of carbon in 12g of the carbon tweleve isotope. 27. Built of ions. 28. This
molecule is comprised of two atoms which can be envisaged as being held together by two sigma
bonds and a dative bond (formula). 29. Lead is one. 30. This element is a gas. It is relatively
unreactive because the atoms in its diatomic molecules are triple bonded and difficult to separate
(symbol). 31. An element which forms molecular rings consisting of 8 atoms (symbol). 32. opposite
of ionic. 35. An adjective describing how a piece of graphite feels to the touch.
Down: 1. Number of bonds an atom or group can form. 2. An allotrope of carbon. 3. The chloride of
this metal has considerable covalent character (symbol). 7. A charged particle. 8. A non metal
structure which has layers of hexagonally arranged atoms. 9. Electrivalent attractive force (5, 4). 12.
Exceedingly malleable. 14. The chloride of this element forms dimers and chains (symbol). 15.
Halide of a group I element (formula). 16. A crystalline halogen (formula). 18. The shape of sodium
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chloride crystals. 19. This gas boils at 4 K. 20. General name of an element in group 0 in the periodic
table. 21. Unequal charge distribution. 22. An element in the first transition series (symbol). 25. A
gaseous diatomic molecule in which the atoms are doubly bonded (formula). 33. An allotrope of
oxygen (formula). 34. An element with the electronic structure, 2, 8, 8 (symbol). 36. A doughnut
shaped covalent bond.
4. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Across: 1. Mostly responsible for the chemistry of an organicmolecule. 4. A reactive covalent bond.
6. The type of alcohol with the group, -CHOH-. 7. The third member of the aliphatic aldehyde series.
9. A major constituent of Scot pine oil. 12. Seeks electrons to form a covalent bond. 14. A simple
aromatic molecule. 15. A good hydrogenation catalyst. 18. High melting polyethene. 20. A molecule
containing the -CO- group. 22. The major constituent of the oil from orange peel. 23. This term
applies to the alkenes. 24. These are good examples: methane, propane, butaneand ethanol.
Down: 2. A constituent of the fragrance of ophrys or chids and highly attractive to pollinating bees.
3. But-2-ene has a couple of these. 5. Can be made by heating ethene to a high temperatureunder
pressure. 7. Polyethylene terephthalate (abbrev). 8. Made by polymerising tetrafluoroethene (abbrev).
9. Polymerise phenylethene (abbrev). 10. A molecule of this compound has two carbon atomsand
four hydrogen atoms. 11. These organic substances can be synthesised by reacting alcohols, under
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suitable conditions, with a variety of halogen containing compounds. 13. Polymerised propene
(abbrev). 16. Opposite of trans. 17. A saturated hydrocarbon. 19. A compound which contains
nitrogen and can be synthesised by refluxing a halogenoalkane with ammonia in alcohol. 21.The
most stable geometrical isomer of but-2-ene. 22. This manufactured by heating ethene to a high
temperature and pressure in the presence of oxygen catalyst.
5. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Across: 1. Halogens. (4,9). 5. A transition element with six oxidation states. (symb). 8. Gives a
squeeky voice. (symb). 9. An alkali metal hydroxide which gives a blue flame test. (form). 11. The
oxidation number of the alkali metals in their salts.12. An alkaline earth metal oxide used by farmers.
(form). 13. This is a slippery, corrosion resistant, plastic.14. One or more of the oxidation states of a
transition element hasthis orbital partially filled.15. Green flame test. (symb). 16. Made by allowing
chlorine to react with cold sodium hydroxidesolution.20. A property of polytetrafluoroethane. (3,5).
22. 1% of the Earths atmosphere.24. The colour of vanadium(V) oxide. 28. A component of Chile
saltpetre. (6,6). 29. When treated with dilute hydrochloric acid it gives hydrogensulphide and a pale
green solution. (form). 31. Distort an electron cloud.33. The shape of water and sulphur dichloride
molecules.34. Impure silicon dioxide.36. This atomic property decreases across period three and
increases down group 4. (4,6). 37. A good hydrogenation catalyst.
Down: 1. Gives a blue colour with iodine.2. K‘s flame colour.3. This white crystalline solid gives a
red flame test and its aqueoussolution gives a white precipitate with silver nitrate solution.(form). 4.
The tendency of an atom in a covalent bond to attract electrons.6. An electrical apparatus used
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commercially to make chlorine and sodium hydroxide. (8,4). 7. The oxidation number of alkali and
alkaline earth metals. 10. A colourless poisonous gas which fumes in moist air and has a very
pungent smell. (form). 17. Roofing material.18. An allotrope of carbon.19. Litharge. (form).
21. An aqueous solution of this salt readily dissolves iodine.(form). 23. A combination of a group
five element with a group six elementproduces this colourless gas. (form). 25. An aqueous solution of
this reacts with HCl, in a disproportionationreaction, giving chlorine.26. Melt.27. The change in first
electron affinity down group seven.30. Overlap of these two orbitals provides a sigma bond. 32. High
energy d orbitals in an octahedral complex.35. Theatrical sounding transition element. (symb)
6. FORMULAE, EQUATIONS, THE MOLE
Across: 1. The second most abundant element in the earth's crust (symbol). 2. Salts containing water
of crystallization.7. The number of moles of sodium in 23 g of the metal.9. In the equation for the
reaction of aq silver nitrate with aqua sodium chloride the nitrate group is an example of this (9, 3).
12. A halogen containing plastic (abbrev.). 14. A sodium halide (formula). 17. This color becomes
apparent when water s added to anhydrous copper sulphate.19. The English for mole.21. 6x10
23
. 24.
These are formed when metal atoms lose outer electrons. 25. NaO, CuO, and CaO contain this anion.
26. If you breath this gas your voice sounds squeakily. 27. Air contains about 1% of this gas.31. One
mole of any gas occupies 24 litres at rtp. 32. The volume occupied by 2 g of hydrogen at rtp (10,6).
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Down: 1. This is the common name of the main constituent of baking powder. 3. Charged atomic
particles. 4. This is formed when calcium carbonate is heated strongly. 5. This element has a sinister,
dark, side to it character (symbol)! 6. This is formed when lithium is added to water (formula). 8. CH
(for ethyne) and CH3 (ethane) are examples of these.10. A very expensive white metal (symbol). 11.
When one of these is added to a carbonate carbon dioxide is evolved.13. a table salt dispenser
weighs 50 g. When full of sodium chloride it weighs 284 g. How many moles of salt are contained in
the dispenser? 14. Sir William Ramsay discovered this gas in 1898 (symbol). 15. The Latin for
iron.16. The most abundant compound on the earth's surface.18. This substance accounts for over
90% of the material content of the Universe. 20. A heavy metal but it is still only the 20th most dense
element (symbol). 22. Karl Scheele called it, fire air. Joseph Priestley called it, dephlogisticated air
(formula).23. The formula of a gas which burns with a clear blue flame.28. The name of this element
derives from the Latin for new.
29. Quicksilver (symbol).30. The number of moles of calcium carbonate corresponding to 200 g of
the compound.
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REFERENCES:
1. G.Boqieva, F.Rashidova and others. Scale up. (B2. Student‘s book. Course 3). ―Gafur Gulyam‖,
Tashkent-2015.
2. Phillip Kerr. Straightforward (Intermediate student‘s book). Macmillan-2012.
3. M.M.Shokirova, Sh.P.Nurullaev. ENGLISH-UZBEK-RUSSIAN dictionary of chemistry terms.
T.-2013
Internet saytlari
http://iteslj.org/
http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/articles/listening
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C O N T E N T S
Lesson 1. ESP: Academic fields ............................................................................................
3
Lesson 2. Meeting society needs. (The strategy of actions) (Part I) ..................................
9
Lesson 3. Meeting society needs. (The strategy of actions) (Part II) .................................
15
Lesson 4. ESP: Scientists at work .........................................................................................
21
Lesson 5. Double lives ............................................................................................................
28
Lesson 6. When in Rome, do as the Romans do ..................................................................
35
Lesson 7. Around the world ..................................................................................................
40
Lesson 8. ESP: Fields of chemistry ....................................................................................
47
Lesson 9. Academic degrees ...............................................................................................
55
Lesson 10. Getting around ................................................................................................
60
Lesson 11. ESP: No good building without good foundation. (Construction materials)..
65
Lesson 12. ESP: Pulp and paper manufacture ................................................................
71
Lesson 13. The office and Paperwork ...............................................................................
76
Lesson 14. Protests and Sue! ..............................................................................................
83
Lesson 15. ESP: At the chemistry laboratory ...................................................................
89
Lesson 16. ESP: The history of the Periodic Table ..........................................................
96
Lesson 17. ESP: Black gold ..............................................................................................
103
Lesson 18. Presentation: The role of my specialty in the industry of Uzbekistan .......
109
Quizzes and crosswords. Science quizzes ..........................................................................
112
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