D. The earliest doctoral degrees (Theology - Divinitatis Doctor (D.D.), Philosophy - Doctor of
Philosophy (D.Phil., Ph.D.) and Medicine - Medicinae Doctor (M.D., D.M.)) reflected the historical
separation of all University study into these three fields. Over time, the D.D. has gradually become
less common outside theology, and is now mostly used for honorary degrees, with the title «Doctor
of Theology» being used more often for earned degrees. Studies outside theology and medicine were
then called «philosophy», due to the Renaissance conviction that real knowledge could be derived
from empirical observation, and this usage survives in the degree title of Doctor of Philosophy.
Studies in these fields have become much more common, but are now classified as sciences and
humanities.
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