Підручник для студентів старших курсів

2.5.2. The functions and the peculiar nature of English headlines predetermine the choice of the language means used.
The vocabulary peculiarities typical of brief news items and news reports are commonly found in headlines. But headlines also abound in emotionally coloured words, which are more descriptive as the italicized words in the following:
End this Bloodbath (Morning Star),
Crazy Waste of Youth (Reynolds News)
No Wonder Housewives are Pleading: ‘HELP’ (Daily Mirror).
Some words used in headlines are more economical as they are shorter, e.g. ‘aid’ and ‘deal’ are more economical than ‘assistance’ and ‘agreement’, respectively.
Here are some other most commonly used headline words:

to back	to support
to bar	to prohibit
cut	reduction
jobless	unemployed
blaze	fire
claim	demand
to split	to divide
squeeze	shortage
walk out	strike
plea	request for help
pact	agreement
to quit	to resign
to vow	to promise

To attract the reader’s attention, headline writers often resort to a deliberate breaking-up of set-expressions, in particular, fused set-expressions, and deformation of special terms, a stylistic device capable of producing a strong emotional effect, e. g. Cakes and Bitter Ale (The Sunday Times), Conspirator-in-chief Still at Large (The Guardian). Compare respectively the allusive set-expression cakes and ale, and the term commander-in-chief.
Other stylistic devices, as for example, the pun (e.g. ‘And what about Watt’ – The Observer), alliteration (e.g. Miller in Maniac Mood – The Observer), etc. are also popular.
2.5.3. Grammatically headlines are characterized by the tendency to eliminate all elements that can be done without. It results in the so-called ‘abbreviated grammar’ style and elliptical sentence structure. This peculiar brevity of expression may take a variety of forms, e.g.:

• 
  the form of an elliptical sentence:
  

1. 
   with an auxiliary verb omitted, e.g. ‘Initial report not expected until June!’ (The Guardian), ‘Yachtsman spotted’ (Morning Star);
   
2. 
   with subject omitted, e.g. ‘Will win’ (Morning Star);
   
3. 
   with the subject and part of the predicate omitted, e.g. ‘Off to the sun’ (Morning Star), ‘Still in danger’ (The Guardian)
   
   •