Participants
The participants were sixteen four-year-olds (mean age
⫽
4;6) from the
Champaign-Urbana area of Illinois. All children were monolingual native speakers
of English.
Materials
A children’s story was written in which the main character, Tommy, was
searching for his baseball in each of five different scenes. Each of the five scenes had
an accompanying illustration: a park, a pond, the front yard of a house, a kitchen, and a
bathroom. Each scene included four landmarks (e.g., a pink tree, a boat, a bathtub, a
stove); two novel creatures; two novel objects; and three known objects or animals, two
of which were the same kind of object (e.g., two different kinds of dogs). All illustra-
tions were in color and were similar in appearance to those in a children’s picture book.
An “answer” page reproduced the objects from the illustration out of context; children
pointed to these illustrations to answer the experimenter’s questions. A sketch of the il-
lustrations used for Scene One of the story is included in figure 2.3.
The Stories
Children heard a story about a little boy who was searching for his lost
baseball. The landmarks in the scenes corresponded to each of the specific places
where he looked for the baseball. In the course of his searching, the little boy encoun-
tered each of the target objects in the illustration. The target object is named in refer-
ence to the landmark with which it appears (e.g., “Tommy look under the slide, but
all he saw there was a
snake.
”), and the little boy engages in some activity specifically
associated with the landmark so that the children’s attention is unambiguously drawn
to that place (e.g., “Tommy thought the slide looked like fun, so he climbed up and
slid down it. ‘Whee!’ Tommy giggled.”). The portion of the story immediately fol-
lowing the target word was approximately twenty-four words long (plus or minus
two). The illustration of the story was then covered up and the answer page shown to
the child. The child is reminded that “Tommy saw a
snake
under the slide, right?” and
then asked, “Can you point to it?”
Target Words and Objects
There were a total of twenty-five high-frequency, monosyllabic
target words and twenty-five target objects in the experiment. The words and targets
are divisible into five categories each, according to table 2.2.
Each of the seven objects noted in the last column of table 2.2 appear in the illus-
tration of the story (see figure 2.3). These same seven objects, plus the object named
by the noun-absent condition, appears on the answer sheet of illustrations—making a
total of eight illustrations, arranged in a 2-by-4 configuration. With the exception of
the vague condition, the objects to which the words referred were counterbalanced
across participants so that a purple creature, for example, was called a
fidge
in the
story for the first participant, a
pie
for the second participant, a
snake
for the third
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |