enough context for a child to map even a nonhomophonous word. The experiment
demonstrates only that young children will sometimes make fanciful or bizarre inter-
pretations of stories to try to make the context fit with what they already know.
To address these problems, Mazzocco (1997) conducted an experiment with
“pseudohomonyms.” A pseudohomonym is a word that is applied to an object other
than the one commonly associated with the word. For example, labeling a clown with
the word “door” makes “door” a pseudohomonym. In the study, participants (thirty-
two preschoolers, thirty-two second graders, and sixteen college students) were read
a story and then shown a page containing six illustrations. The story incorporated one
of three word types: pseudohomonyms, nonsense words, and familiar words (used
correctly). The context of the story was crafted to indicate a plausible meaning for
the target word. One story, for example, takes place at a birthday party: “then James
saw that a
door
was standing there making funny faces and doing tricks. James
laughed, because the
door
looked so funny.” After the participants listened to the
story, each was shown a page containing six illustrations: the keyword’s familiar
meaning (i.e., a door); the keyword’s meaning in the context (clown); something re-
lated to the context (e.g., cake); and three unrelated objects. The participant was then
asked to “look at all of the pictures on this page, then show me the picture of the key-
word in the story.” The results are reproduced in table 2.1.
Because Mazzocco’s (1997) study used nonsense words as well as pseudo-
homonyms, the results allow a point of comparison between the acquisition of
homophonous and nonhomophonous words. The relatively high success with which
preschool children were able to interpret the correct meaning of nonsense words
from the context compared to the much lower rate of success for the same task with
pseudohomonyms seems to indicate that a one-to-one mapping assumption may be at
work in language acquisition with young children. Preschoolers in particular seem
likely to base their interpretations of a homonym on their preexisting notions of what
that word means rather than on the context in which the word is heard.
The design of the study, however, introduces the problem of synonymy into the
acquisition task. The confusion lies in the fact that both the pseudohomonyms and
their referents are words the children already know. Consider the situation of the task:
The child hears a story in which what must be a clown, according to the context, is
discussed, but the story is labeling the clown with a different name—in this case
door
. The child knows the meaning of both
clown
and
door
but is being asked to use
both meanings interchangeably:
clown
means CLOWN;
door
means DOOR
and
CLOWN.
22
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: