Pernilla Hallonsten Halling

Other adverbial encoding

In addition to the patterns discussed above, the encoding found in adv across languages may naturally vary in a number of ways. This section discusses encoding patterns attested in the sample that do not fit into any of the above subsections. Since this is not the main focus of the dissertation, only a few examples are provided, followed by a summarizing table with all languages with other types of adverbials. This list is not intended to be exhaustive, and any number of different encoding patterns may exist within the individ- ual sample languages. These are just the ones attested during my data collection, which, although aiming to cover as much as possible, makes no claim of being exhaustive. More- over, some of the constructions may be candidates also for the types in the subsections above. As already mentioned, the aim is not a precise classification, but rather a rough picture of attested encoding.
Nuu-chah-nulth (Wakashan) has a serial verb construction in adv, as illustrated in (5.24). A serial verb construction is also attested in Krongo (Kadugli-Krongo). Note that it is difficult (if possible at all) single out a property concept in this example (cf. discussion in section 3.3.3).

(5.24) Nuu-chah-nulth (Wakashan) (Nakayama 2001: 104)

wik-s^´ti:h_. -w´i^´tas
not-taking.direction-about.to
kamatq-uk
run-dur
adv

‘He was going to run frantically (without taking a specific direction).’

Other languages with constructions with verbs in adv are Kalaallisut (Eskimo-Aleut), with a converb formed with instrumental case (Fortescue 1984: 100); Mapudungun (Au- racanian), with an adjectivalized verb carrying a distributive suffix (Smeets 2008: 113); Slave (Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit), with a stative verb taking a postpositional suffix (Rice 1989: 368); and Urarina (isolate), with a converb (Olawsky 2006: 175). Lahu (Sino- Tibetan) attaches the prefix qha- (also an independent adverb meaning ‘all, completely’) to the verb in question. The latter is illustrated in (5.25).

(5.25) Lahu (Sino-Tibetan) (Matisoff 1973: 280)

lâhu-khô
Lahu-language
qha-cô
all-be.beautiful
yˆO
speak
p1ò
can already
adv

‘He speaks Lahu beautifully now.’

The languages with various types of encoding in adv are summarized in table 5.10, along with notation of these strategies. The encoding for the whole adverbial is included, except in the case of serial verb constructions, denoted ‘SVC’ for the sake of simplicity. Even based on this simplified description, it is evident that there are various encoding patterns in adv in the languages of the sample.

Table 5.10. Languages with other adverbial encoding