Pernilla Hallonsten Halling

ògú ògú

thief thief

adv

‘She behaves like a thief.’

The few languages with reduplicated adverbials and their respective reduplicating strate- gies are listed in table 5.7.

Table 5.7. Languages with adverbials formed by reduplication

Language	Adverbial	Comment
Hdi (Afro-Asiatic)	X X	unclear origin
	ta` V ta` V	locative preposition
Imbabura Quechua (Quechuan)	N N
Ma’di (Central Sudanic)	N/ADJ/ADV N/ADJ/ADV
Mapudungun (Auracanian)	V-V

∼
⁶ The Leipzig Glossing rules use the tilde ( ) between reduplicated elements, as applied to these example from Hdi. I do not use this when independent or complex elements are reduplicated.

4. Ideophonic adverbs

A number of sample languages (9/60) have ideophones in adv. As pointed out by Dinge- manse (2018: 4), it is a common misconception that ideophones are equal to onomatopoeia,
i.e. words that imitate sounds. While many ideophones are indeed onomatopoeic, “ideo- phones depict many aspects of sensory scenes beyond sound” (2018: 4). This is illustrated in many of the examples below. Jamsay (Dogon) has what Heath (2008: 317) describes as “expressive adverbials” (expressive is a term used for ideophones in many language descriptions), which can be used both in pred (with an enclitic verb form meaning ‘be’) and in adv, and interestingly also as interjections. These adverbs further “have a notable prolongation of the final segment...except when followed by a clitic” (2008: 317).

(5.19) Jamsay (Dogon) (Heath 2008: 432, 318)

1. 
   démm=w`O-Ø
   

straight=be-3sg.sbj
‘He (=his body) is straight.’
pred

2. 
   démm
   

straight
yaˇ:
go.imp
adv

‘Go straight!’

While ideophonic adverbs appear to constitute one of two major strategies in adv in Jamsay (the other one being verb chaining, see appendix B), Mian (Nuclear Trans New Guinean) has simple adverbs, modifiers that occur in both attr and adv, derived ad- verbs, and in addition to these encoding patterns, a number of ideophonic adverbs. How- ever, the ideophones have quite specific meaning. They all express “manner of movement” (Fedden 2011: 153).

(5.20) Mian (Nuclear Trans New Guinean) (Fedden 2011: 153)

Milsen=e
pn=m.sg
blublu

run

un-Ø-e=be
go.pfv-real-3sg.m.sbj=decl
adv

‘Milsen ran.’

While (5.20) does perhaps not appear as an example of adv in a strict sense, the ideophone blublu modifies the verb meaning ‘go’ with the meaning ‘ran’ being the result. This can be compared to the patterns of languages that lack verbs for ‘run’, discussed in detail by Wälchli (2009). For instance, Basque (isolate) only has a borrowed verb for ‘run’, but also uses the expressions lasterka joan ‘race go’ snd lasterka egin ‘race do’ (2009: 304). In Urarina (isolate), clear property concepts can be found among the ideophones in adv.

(5.21) Urarina (isolate) (Olawsky 2006: 145)

itCa-k0r0-a´
do-pl-3
herãaé

slowly

adv

‘They did it slowly.’

Table 5.8. Languages with ideophonic adverbs

Language Comment

Acoli (Nilotic) combine with particle lí
Bora (Witotoan)
Ewe (Atlantic-Congo) Jamsay (Dogon)
Kham (Sino-Tibetan) combine with one/few verb(s) each Ma’di (Central Sudanic)
Mian (Nuclear Trans New Guinean) express manner of movement Urarina (isolate)

Yagua (Peba-Yagua)
The sample languages with ideophones in adv are summarized in table 5.8 and in the map in figure 5.5. There is a clear areal pattern for ideophones in some of the languages in Africa, as well as a tendency towards an areal pattern for a few langauges in South America. Ideophones in adv are not uncommon, and may be highly relevant for under- standing adv as a function. However, examining ideophones in adv more thoroughly would constitute a study of its own, and is thus not attended to any further here. It should nonetheless be noted that ideophones deserve more attention in the discussion of adverbs.

ideophonic adverbs no ideophonic adverbs

Figure 5.5. Languages with and without ideophonic adverbs

5.