Pedagogical institute of termiz state university faculty of foreign language and literature raxmatova mohinur baxodir qizi

Курс иши бажаришнинг календарь режаси

Ҳафталар Қисмлар	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
Курс иши режаси
Кириш
Асосий қисм
Хулоса
Адабиётлар
Иловалар
Расмийлаштириш
Текшириш
Ҳимоя
Топшириш

Раҳбар _________________


Theme : Principles of politeness in the English language


CONTENT


INTRODUCTION

1. 
   THE PRINCIPLE OF POLITENESS IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
   
   1. 
      The problem of functioning of the principle of politeness in dialogic speech…………………………………………….4
      
   2. 
      Analysis of principle of politeness in two languages…….8
      
   3. 
      Theories of researchers about politeness…………………12
      

2. 
   COMPARISON OF STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE PRINCIPLE OF POLITENESS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
   
   1. 
      The role of politeness in communication …………………..15
      
   2. 
      Leech’s Modal of politeness ………………………………..20
      
   3. 
      Awareness of negative politeness in conversion ………….24
      

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………...……...27
THE LIST OF USED LITERATURE……………………………….............29


INTRODUCTION

Politeness is the practical application of good manners or etiquette so as not to offend others. It is a culturally defined phenomenon, and therefore what is considered polite in one culture can sometimes be quite rude or simply eccentric in another cultural context. While the goal of politeness is to refrain from behaving in an offensive way so as not to offend others and make all people feel relaxed and comfortable with one another, these culturally defined standards at times may be manipulated. The relevance of the study is due to the growing interest of linguists in the problems of interpersonal verbal interaction and the psychology of speech behavior of native speakers. Much attention is paid to the study of speech etiquette, the functioning of conventional phrases and the degree of their clichés, especially in cultural and comparative terms. However, these aspects are only the essence of explicit or conventional politeness (R. Ratmayr). Implicit or individual politeness, consisting in respecting the maxim of politeness, implemented by various strategies of courtesy and diplomacy, has not been studied enough and, undoubtedly, should be the object of closer attention of linguists. Adequate use of conventional cliché phrases and observance of the rules of politeness are the norm and, therefore, are considered neutral, unmarked politeness. The opposition is “polite” vs. “impolite” marked, and therefore easily identifiable will be a deviation either in the direction of excessive politeness (flattery, hypocrisy), or in the direction of insufficient politeness (rudeness, insolence). Indeed, the communicant’s speech behavior is not always determined by the desire to be polite, sometimes their own interests’ conflict with the requirements of the principle of politeness [1]. Of great interest, therefore, is also the study of cases of violations of maxim politeness.

I. THE PRINCIPLE OF POLITENESS IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES

1. 
   The problem of functioning of the principle of politeness in dialogic speech.
   

Politeness theory shows the rules that are used in daily interactions among people in different languages and various cultures. In daily life, most people follow the politeness strategies in their conversations. For example, when someone invites another one and says that you must come and have dinner with me, it is considered as a polite behavior. On the other hand, if he says that I must come and have dinner with you, it is considered as an impolite behavior. Politeness is expressed differently in various languages. It is based on using closeness and relationships as the social distance between the speaker and the hearer. The level of politeness depends on the social relationship between the speaker and the hearer and determines the level of formality that is used in their conversations. Different cultures also cause different views, which affect the idea of politeness and lead to the differences in various aspects. In a word, when we are communicating with people from different cultures, it is important to know what is appropriate to their cultures and act accordingly. Therefore, Brown & Levinson believe that politeness is considered as a social norm and exists in particular linguistic forms when people use it appropriately with others. To be polite is to behave appropriately according to the hearer‟s wants. Politeness is defined as an evaluation of the speaker‟s behavior by the hearer. Politeness can be described as „what we think is appropriate behavior in particular situations in an attempt to achieve and maintain successful social relationships with others. Culture, politeness, knowledge and behavior can be seen in one‟s speech. This perception is expressed in linguistics through the concept of "speech etiquette" ("Politeness"). In English, the term "Politeness" is derived from “smooth” and “polish”, which is the word of “politus” in Greek, and at the end of XVII century and at the beginning of XVIII, it was spread widely. Speech etiquette is a process that is understood in terms of individual culture and values. Speech etiquette is developed according to environment, the situation in the family and society, as well as other form factors in childhood. Speech etiquette can be different according to nations particular features in different nations. The different aspects of speech have been learnt only by linguists, but also, their cultural concepts are important in sociolinguistics. So, the speech etiquette is one of the major factors in relationships between the countries, nations. Although speech etiquette had been an event since ancient times, learning process was started late – in the middle of XX century. East, in particular, the attention to this matter was given from the twenties of the last century in East, especially, in Uzbek linguistics, and from the fifties of XX century in West linguistics. "Speech etiquette" - "Politeness" was started to use from the sixties of the last century in West linguistics. Consequently, politeness indicates that the speaker uses an appropriate language according to the context and to the hearer's needs. Accordingly, we study the most famous theories of politeness that formulate different principles and rules for politeness strategies. Grice‟s cooperative principle and maxims. Grice‟s interpretation of linguistic politeness is embodied in his Cooperative Principle. The CP is based on the assumption that speakers aim to communicate in a maximally efficient way. The CP requires that a speaker must „make your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. Grice also proposed four maxims of conversation: quality, relation, manner and quantity. Respectively, the maxims „specify what participants have to do in order to converse in a maximally efficient, rational, cooperative way: they should speak sincerely, relevantly and clearly, while providing sufficient information. Leech‟s politeness principle. Leech proposed the Politeness Principle (PP) to uphold the CP when Grice‟s maxims of conversation are flouted. The role of the PP is „to maintain the social equilibrium and the friendly relations which enable us to assume that our interlocutors are being cooperative in the first place. Vitally, the PP plays a role in a speaker‟s choice of appropriate expression of his communicative intention. He claims that the CP and PP interact in the interpretation of indirectness and both these principles are required to account for pragmatic interpretations. Brown and Levinson‟s politeness theory. Goffman defined the sociological concept of „face‟ as „the positive social value a person effectively claims for himself. Given this definition, Brown and Levinson claim that face „must be constantly attended to in interaction‟. Contrary to Grice‟s CP but similar to Leech‟s approach, Brown and Levinson posit that instances in which Grice‟s maxims are flouted can be explained by the fact that the speaker is actually attempting to „ensure politeness‟. Brown and Levinson‟s theory distinguish positive and negative face and, hence, positive politeness and negative politeness. Negative face denotes „the want of “every competent adult member” that his action be unimpeded by others‟ and positive face refers to „the want of every member that his wants be desirable to at least some others‟. Essentially, „to maintain face is to fit in‟. Brown and Levinson posit that some speech acts are inherently face threatening acts (FTAs). They consider requests to be an example of a FTA as they threaten the hearer‟s negative face because of the imposition involved. Similar to Leech in attempting to account for cross-cultural politeness, Brown and Levinson posit that a speaker‟s choice of politeness strategy in performing a FTA is predicated on social distance, power distance and absolute ranking of impositions of the culture. „Traditionally, we are more likely to be aware of negative politeness in conversations where there is a clear difference in factors such as power relations. Senowarsito finds that the speech act can be classified as polite if the speech doesn't consist of any speakers‟ force, gives the chance to the speaker to do something, and provides comfort to the hearer. The various theories of politeness attempt to explicate directness of utterances. While these theories overlap or complement one another, debate remains as to the universality of pragmatics norms the interaction. In a conclusion, we can say that Politeness has an essential role in Uzbek and English society in particular linguistic forms when people use it in a suitable way in their utterances for different social categories. The relation between politeness, gender and language is not just about the words used to describe men and women but also how words are used and to what ends. When it comes to the matter of language use, the difference between the sexes is hardly a matter of dispute. Women use color words like mauve, adjectives like lovely, and emphasizing expressions like so good more frequently than men. Men and women speak differently because they are brought up differently with different roles in a society. Politeness is referred to as showing good manners towards others or as being refined or cultured. Politeness can be realized through two main rules: Don’t impose and Make H feel good (Lakoff, 1975). These two rules actually represent two important aspects of politeness related to face these are negative and positive politeness. So, part of the story is that to say that someone is polite would mean that this person shows possession of good manners and consideration for others.Seen in this way, politeness may be said to carry a negative implication, that is, "a touch of hypocrisy" since in our attempts to be polite we may say things that do not reflect our genuine feelings. Nonetheless, it is an essential part of the social conventions since in all cultures, no matter how much they differ, politeness is said to be a sort of observed behaviour that one has to abide by regularly (Alaoui. 2011: 1).It is to be kept in mind that politeness involves not only linguistic realizations, but also the "broad communicative spectrum including paralinguistic and kinetic details" (Brown and Levinson, 1978: 58). Consequently, the way a conversation is conducted, for instance, is seen as part of a behaviour which can be labelled either polite or impolite. Hence, it is said that speaking at the time one should keep silent or keeping silent at the time an answer is expected as well as interrupting a speaker are all judged to be instances of impoliteness.On the whole, politeness is used to avoid clash or conflict between the interlocutors involved in a situation, i.e. speaker/hearer, or speaker/hearer/third party, though politeness towards a hearer is more important than towards a third party. Thus, we often find a tendency to exaggerate agreement and mitigate disagreement.This paper makes an attempt to compare the way English and Arabic express politeness, using Leech’s (1983) model of politeness, in order to identify the similarities and differences. It also aims to highlight some strategies used by both languages.

2.