tation.” ^^ Above all, in the social sciences the notion o f text challenges the
idea that data are separate from theory and interpretation. Clifford Geertz,
who did much to establish the idea o f text in anthropology, explains that
“the text analogy . . . the broadest o f the recent reconfigurations o f social
theory,” involving “a thoroughgoing conceptual wrench,” trains attention
“on how the inscription o f social action is brought about, what its vehicles
are and how they work, and on what the fixation o f meaning from the flow
o f events— history from what happened, thought from thinking, culture
from behavior— implies for sociological interpretation.” ^^ To treat a Bali
nese cockfight as a text (rather than as a rite or a pastime) is to focus on
how deep social meanings are inscribed in a practice o f watching a chicken
10. Fredric Jameson, “The Ideology o f the Text,” in The Ideologies o f Theory
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 18. This important essay was
first published in 1975 but was greatly expanded for the 1987 publication.
11. Ibid.
12. Clifford Geertz, Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthro
pology (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 30-31.
hack another to bits. “What it says is not merely that risk is exciting, loss
depressing, or triumph gratifying, banal tautologies o f affect, but that it is
o f these emotions, thus exampled, that society is built and individuals put
together.” *^
Roland Barthes links the rise o f the concept o f text to interdisci
plinary encounters: people from different fields could have productive ex
changes when they treated their objects o f study as texts. He insists that we
are not dealing with a radical mutation but with “an epistemological shift
[glissement épistémologique] more than a real break.” *^ The concept o f
the text as the product o f a sign system that must be interrogated has been
extremely productive, first for the sort of interdisciplinary cultural study
inaugurated by structuralism and carried on (once we are said to have en
tered a poststructuralist age) by a cultural studies that strangely inclines to
conceal such theoretical antecedents.'^
Text: Its Vicissitudes
105
The best-known essay about the concept o f the text from this period
is no doubt Roland Barthes’ “De l’œuvre au texte” [From Work to Text]
o f 1971. Although the ideas it draws on were certainly in the air— none o f
the characterizations o f the text are at all surprising— Barthes’ distinctive
articulation o f them is highly idiosyncratic and not conducive, as Barthes
himself might be the first to admit, to the advancement o f methodological
clarity or o f an analytical program in literary and cultural studies. Barthes
describes the notion o f the text through an opposition between text and
work on a number o f different parameters. The persistence o f this opposi
tion gives his essay its clarity and force: the text is always being opposed to
the work. But what Barthes seems to wish to resist above all is the idea that
the concept o f text can replace the concept o f work; for him it isn’t a mat
ter o f changing our view o f objects previously treated as works and con-
13. Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation o f Cultures (New York: Basic Books,
1973
)>
449
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14. Roland Barthes, “From Work to Text,” in The Rustle o f Language, trans.
Richard Howard (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 56.
15. One field this concept o f text entered and where it has enjoyed pica
resque adventures is film studies. I lack the expertise to describe the vicissitudes of
the idea of the filmic text or textual analysis in the work of Christian Metz, Ray
mond Bellour, Maire-Claire Ropars, and others. John Mowatt provides an over
view in the chapter “The Textual Analysis of Film,” in Text: The Genealogy o f an
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