and memorise exam essay responses on her own, to improve her speed in
examinations. In contrast, my own experience of working with university
students from Hong Kong over several years is that they benefited from
organising themselves into study groups where the stronger students saw
it as their responsibility to help the weaker ones. Johns concludes (1992:
197): ‘It is my contention that rather than impose native speaker ‘rules’, we
should encourage diverse students to do what works for them, whether it is
theoretically correct at this point or not.’ Allowing for a range of settings
throughout a series of tasks will have the advantages of satisfying most
learners at some point, and also training them in what most teachers see as
useful strategies of co-operation as well as individual development.
The components listed above can act as a framework for the teacher who
is designing intercultural tasks. Furthermore, it has the advantage of
adapting a set of components that will be familiar from communicative
task design. For example, a teacher might wish to demonstrate to learners
how gossip is used to negotiate group values in anglophone culture (see
further, Chapter 3). As input, she may supply role cards that prompt the
learners to talk about an absent third party, what he or she has done, and to
evaluate whether or not that action was socially acceptable. The teacher’s
role would be to set up the activity, the learners’ role would be to carry it
out, and the setting would be small groups of perhaps three or four. Having
acted out the role-play, however, there should be a pause for reflection, and
the opportunity to refine learners’ observations and their reconstruction of
cultural behaviour. In this case, the function of gossip in different cultures
might be reflected upon – is it ethical to gossip about an absent third party?
Do men gossip more or less than women? What kind of people are gossiped
about (friends, family, celebrities)? What happens if the people gossiping
cannot come to a consensus about the moral evaluation of the absent
party’s actions?
Gossip tends to end with consensus – the participants move towards
some kind of agreement or compromise about how they are going to judge
the absent party’s actions. In this way, group solidarity is strengthened,
and its value system is re-affirmed. Learners might not have thought of
gossip in these terms before, and having run through a gossip task once,
they may wish to explore its limits by re-running it again, several times,
varying the extent of disagreement and consensus. This refinement of the
task has the effect both of strengthening their language skills and making
them aware of the range of possible variations within this culturally condi-
tioned genre.
The main point is that learners should be as aware as the teacher is of the
pedagogical goals of the intercultural tasks, and they should have the
opportunity both to reflect upon the cultural behaviour targeted, and to
Implementing an Intercultural Approach
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