played by men and women in conversation in the target culture (see
Chapter 3);
•
to consider how the expectations of the academic community in the
target culture affect the language used in research articles; to compare
how the different expectations of the academic community and the
general public affect the language of research articles and their
popularisations (see Chapter 4);
•
to research, describe and explain patterns of behaviour in a certain
community, such as youth subcultures, professional business people
or
scientists, or Scottish country dancers (see Chapters 5 and 6);
•
to explore the cultural messages conveyed by visual images, literary
and media texts (see Chapters 7 and 8).
As noted above, the goals selected for any given course will depend upon
various factors: how much access do the learners have to the target culture
(exchange visits, broadcast media, email contacts), and what is the level and
nature of the learners’ participation in the target culture (are they learning
mainly for tourism, education, business, or immigration)?
Input
‘Input’ refers to the stimulus provided by the teacher for the learning to
occur. The input may be a written or spoken text for discussion, or a visual
image for interpretation and evaluation, or a media text for analysis. As in
communicative language teaching in general, ‘authentic’ materials are
valuable classroom resources – ‘authentic’ materials being those written or
spoken texts that have not been produced primarily for teaching purposes.
In communicative methodology, there has been much debate about the
‘authentic use’ of authentic materials – a newspaper, for example, is
perceived to have lost some of its ‘authenticity’ if it is used for, say, jigsaw
reading and information exchange, rather than for the kind of reading that
people normally do with newspapers. The terms of this debate shift
somewhat in the intercultural classroom. Authentic materials are not nec-
essarily there to be used in the same way as members of the target culture
use them – they are there as evidence of how a culture operates. Thus an
L2 newspaper or magazine can be compared with an L1 counterpart, to
see how each culture constructs news values, or travel agency advertise-
ments might be used to see how different cultures represent foreign
countries, or leisure priorities. The tasks used in the intercultural
classroom may be ‘inauthentic’ in that they sometimes involve
more
inter-
pretation than the native speaker would engage in; however, this is another
consequence of the L2 learner becoming an intercultural observer, rather
than a simulacrum of a mythical L1 speaker.
42
Intercultural Approaches to ELT
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Not all input in the intercultural classroom needs to be authentic. The
input may be constructed by the teacher: a set of outlines for conducting
and reporting on an interview or an ethnographic observation; a proposi-
tion for debate etc. The material used as input will correspond to the goals
of the cultural task – political campaign posters from different countries
might be used to investigate the way different cultures use images for pro-
paganda purposes (see Chapter 7).
It is obvious that a broadening of input in the intercultural classroom to
include L1 material has implications for the teacher – bilingual teachers
will be at an advantage over their monolingual colleagues. However, the
monolingual teacher can work with visual materials from the L1 culture,
and co-operate with bilingual colleagues – and learners! – in finding appro-
priate materials for comparison activities.
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