Resistance and Oppositionality
: the recourse to the insurgent carniva-
lesque counter-discourses of non-canonical, popular, unofficial,
marginal and transgressive cultural forms, styles, idioms and
practices;
Cosmopolitanism
: the encouragement and celebration of hybrid, syn-
cretist, “crossover” and transcultural affinities and influences
across all kinds of boundaries – racial, national, geopolitical and
ideological.
A careful exploration of all the three phases of Soyinka’s critical thought,
such as we attempted in the second chapter of this study, would show
that in the body of his critical prose, it is only in his essays of the
s
and
s that Soyinka was able to inhabit simultaneously all of these
positions without seriously undermining the radical humanism of his
works and career. How remarkable then that in his imaginative writ-
ings, especially in the most ambitious and successful works of drama
and poetry, Soyinka had all along powerfully and resonantly inhabited
all of these positions. There is considerable tension in simultaneously
locating oneself in these conflicting views and positions, but Soyinka’s
fecundity and complexity as a writer-activist are powerfully enabling
means of negotiating this tension productively. Indeed, it is perhaps
best to understand the matter of inhabiting these postions and views –
nativism, orphism, resistance and oppositionality, and cosmopolitanism –
not as abstract identitarian positions, but as chronotopes and lifeworlds
of the pre-capitalist, capitalist and late-capitalist epochs. In the densely
symbolic, archetypal idiom of Soyinka’s most “difficult” and important
theoretical essays, these positions are formulated as the metaphysically
Wole Soyinka
coexistent and coeval “worlds” of the ancestors and the past, of living
generations and the present, and of unborn generations and the future.
Soyinka criticism has in the main read this formulation as appertaining
only to the world of Yoruba cosmology, or at best and by extension,
the “African world,” the “Black world.” It is time to go with Soyinka’s
most ambitious and challenging works like
A Dance of the Forests
,
The Road
,
Madmen and Specialists
,
Death and the King’s Horseman
,
A Shuttle in the Crypt
,
The Bacchae of Euripides
,
Isara
, and
Outsiders
and read them complexly
and comparatively as appertaining both to Africa and the developing
world and the whole of humanity. This radical hermeneutic act can be
helped if we secularize and historicize the significations of these “worlds”:
the ancestors, living generations and unborn denizens of the world are
co-extensive in the ways that the defeats, victories, energies and capac-
ities of the precolonial and colonial pasts are still residually with us in
the postcolonial present and future, just as “structures of feeling” of the
epochs of precapitalism and capitalism still haunt the present of late
capitalism, with important intimations and portents for our future post-
capitalist world.
Notes
.
: ,
Bernth Lindfors, “The Early Writings of Wole Soyinka” in James Gibbs (ed.),
Critical Perspectives on Wole Soyinka
, London: Heinemann and Washington, DC:
Three Continents Press,
,
–
.
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