Chapter III. – Under the Reign of Nicholas I
Nicholas I was energetically opposed to Russian Jewry. Sources say that half of all
official acts taken against Jews between the time of Alexei Mikhailovich to the death of
Alexander II were initiated by Czar Nikolai. In Jewish historiography the cruel and firm
character of the monarch is consistently confirmed.
However, the personal intervention of Nicholas I was not always negative for the Jews.
One instance is a case which was held over from the reign of Alexander I, the Velizh Affair.
Local Jews were accused of the ritual murder of a Christian boy. Says the Jewish Encyclopedia,
“There is no doubt that the acquittal of the accused Jews was largely due to the Sovereign’s
determination to seek the truth, in spite of opposition from people whom he trusted.”
In another well-known case involving the prosecution of Jews, the Mstislavl riot, “The
Emperor willingly sought out truth; although in a moment of anger he imposed punishment on
the local Jewish population, he did not refuse to recognize his mistakes.” After the acquittal on
Velizh case, Nicholas wrote to the local police and judiciary, making it clear that “other solutions
cannot follow,” essentially ordering that there was to be no violence directed or allowed against
the Jewish population. He added his inner conviction that ritual murder did take place, but this
were the work of “Jews of some fanatical sect; unfortunately among us Christians, there are
sometimes sects no less terrible and incomprehensible.” Nicholas I and many of his entourage
continued to believe that some groups of Jews practiced ritual murder. This case and others
confirmed the existing prejudice that the Jewish faith is a danger to the Christian population.
Nicholas saw a danger that the Jews would convert Christians to Judaism. In 1823, the
Interior Minister reported on the widely disseminated heresy of Judaizers in Russia. (See Chapter
I) Legal measures were taken against quasi-Jewish sects and many of these formally returned to
the Orthodox Church, although there was heavy suspicion that they continued secretly to observe
Jewish rituals. All this led to a great deal of legislation regarding Jews in the era of Nicholas I,
much of it with a distinctly religious tinge. His own religious belief left its mark on the decisions
and actions of Nicholas I with respect to the Jews, such as his insistence on banning Jews use of
Christian servants, in particular nurses, because “the service of the Jews insults and weakens the
Christian faith in women.” In spite of repeated bans these orders were difficult to enforce and
never carried out entirely.
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