direct request for a favour is less face-threatening between friends than between
people who are relative strangers to each other or whose relationship is
hierarchical (employee to employer, for example). Thus, in languages which
have distinct pronouns of address to encode addresser/addressee relationship
(French
tu and
vous, for example), a switch from the
use of one form to the other
form may in itself constitute a potential FTA—to the addressee because the
sudden reduction of the social distance between him or her and the speaker may
be unwelcome; and to the speaker because he or she runs the risk of being
rebuffed by non-reciprocal use by addressees. In addition, if a speaker who is in
a hierarchically superior position to a hearer initiates the change, then threat to
face may stem from the hearer’s impression that this is an attempt to exercise
power, i.e. encode the non-reciprocal relationship. Consequently, pronouns of
address are often the site for complex negotiation of face.
Brown and Levinson present evidence from three unrelated social and
linguistic cultures to show that, whereas the linguistic realization of politeness
varies considerably, there is a remarkable uniformity of underlying strategy,
which might suggest that politeness is a universal feature of natural language
communication. From a translation point of view, what this might suggest is that
the dynamics of politeness can be relayed trans-culturally but will require a
degree of linguistic modification at the level of texture.
2
Relaying the
significance of the shift from
vous to
tu mentioned above, for example, is a
familiar problem for screen translators as well as translators of novels.
At the same time, as suggested above, the particular constraints under which
the film subtitler works make it impossible for all of the meaning values
perceived in the source language soundtrack to be relayed. Indeed, it would be fair
to say that this is not even an aim of the subtitler, who seeks to provide a target
language guide to what is going on in the source text. Meaning is then to be
retrieved by cinema audiences by a process of matching this target text guide
with visual perception of the action on screen, including paralinguistic features,
body language, etc. Consequently, any phrase-by-phrase comparison of source
text and target text for the purposes of translation criticism would be an idle
exercise and our analysis below should not be construed as having any such
intention. What is an altogether more legitimate subject of investigation,
however, is to ascertain whether there is any consistent pattern in the kinds of
values/signals/items which are perforce omitted in translated dialogue. Such
research would require the analysis of a wide variety of acts of subtitling of
various kinds and in widely differing languages. Here, we can do no more than
provide some initial evidence which would point in the direction such research
might take.
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