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Particularity parameter, 171, 172, 176, 180,
181, 184, 208, 209, 213, 222
Pattern, 4, 85, 98–102, 104–107, 110–112,
120, 129, 147, 150–153, 192,
224–226
Pauses, 67
Pedagogic precepts, 16, 21, 24
Pedagogical thoughtfulness, 173
Pennsylvania Project, 164
Perception, 52, 165, 201, 203, 209, 215
Perlocution, 10
Personal theory, 172, 179, 183, 194, 217
Phoneme, 4, 5, 51, 99, 101
Phonology, 4, 7, 8, 10, 16, 17, 22–24, 32,
45, 47, 48, 52, 66, 102, 114, 117,
139, 140, 175, 188, 192, 205
Pitch, 67
Planning, 22, 36, 38, 44, 49, 75, 89–92,
101, 121, 147, 162, 164, 174–177,
201–203, 208
Policy, 44, 75, 115, 164, 172, 174, 187,
190–193, 208, 219, 222
Politeness, 35, 62
Polyglot, 20
Positivism, 99
Possibility parameter, 171, 174–176, 180,
181, 184, 208, 209, 213
Postmethod condition, 161, 162, 170,
181–184, 200, 224
Postmethod pedagogy, 88, 171, 176–186,
199, 201, 208, 213–225
Postmodernism, 200
Poststructuralism, 13, 200
Poverty of stimulus, 5, 200
Power, 12–16, 24, 38, 44, 72–74, 109, 132,
167, 174, 183, 205, 208, 218–221
Practicality parameter, 171–176, 180, 181,
184, 208, 209, 213
Practice, 106–112, 115, 120, 122, 125, 126,
129–134
Practicum, 182
Pragmatic competence, 19, 23
Pragmatic dissonance, 205
Pragmatic failure, 35
Pragmatic knowledge, 22, 25, 34–37, 60,
62, 66, 91, 93, 103, 107, 110, 131,
136, 155, 203
Pragmatics, 7, 18, 19, 22–25, 45, 47, 51, 52,
95, 205
Precommunicative activity, 125, 126
Presentation, 97, 98, 106, 109, 115, 125,
130–134
Prewired, 6
Procedural knowledge, 21
Procedural syllabus, 144
Process approach, 134
Productivity, 79, 98, 102
Professional development, 85, 194, 195,
199
Professional theory, 172, 173, 194
Proficiency, 32, 43, 56, 67, 75, 94, 98, 109,
129, 134, 190, 207, 211
Proficiency-oriented approach, 134
Profile, 43
Progressivism, 164
Pronoun, 6, 62, 64
Pronunciation, 32, 67, see also
phonology
Prospective teacher, 170, 182, 183, 199,
213, 216, 217, 224
Psycholinguistic vacuum, 92
Pun, 42
Puzzle, 197, 216
Q–R
Quality of classroom life, 195–197
Race, see
ethnicity
Racism, 13
Range, 78, 102, 125, 147, 149, 207, 218
Rationalist approach, 191
Reading, 63, 65, 94, 98, 101, 106, 109, 120,
122, 128, 137, 143, 190, 205, 206
Reasonable challenge, 143–150, 156
Reasoning-gap activity, 147, 154, 190
Redundancy, 67, 86, 87
Reflective thinking, 173, 178, 182, 183,
197, 200, 211, 212, 220
Register, 17, 22
256
SUBJECT INDEX
Regularity, 79, 102, 130
Reinforcement, 100, 111, 112
Relativization, 63
Reliability, 18, 78, 141, 146
Repetition, 17, 65, 67, 100, 101, 111, 112,
140, 147, 148, 188
Response, 100, 101, 105, 106, 111, 115,
118, 120, 128, 141, 143, 150, 152,
202
Restructuring, 45, 47, 48, 50–53
Retention, 204
Rhetoric, 22
Rhythm, 67, 106
Risk-taking, 32
Role play, 106, 122, 125–128, 145, 152, 153
S
Schema theory, 51, 53
School language, 44
Scientific approach, 5, 99, 100, 102, 109,
112, 225
Self-esteem, 33, 40
Self-evaluation, 36, 203
Self-marginalization, 218, 219
Sense of plausibility, 173
Sensitive period, 32, 33
Setting, 9, 22, 43, 44, 55–57, 70, 72, 77, 86,
119, 155, 174
Shared knowledge, 9
Silenced discourse, 13
Silent Way, 92, 163
Simplified input, 26, 68
Situated knowledge, 116, 124, 135, 155,
171
Skill level, 27, 56, see also
proficiency
Social/affective strategy, 37, 177, 192, 206
Social context, 30, 31, 43, 44, 75
Social interaction, 7, 8, 12, 14, 66, 70,
125–128, 135, 136
Social psychology, 40, 70, 115
Social relevance, 201, 207, 209
Socioeconomic status (SES), 12, 35, 44
Sociolinguistic competence, 17–19
Sociolinguistic knowledge, 22
Sociolinguistics, 9, 17, 18, 22, 43, 62, 65,
66, 87, 111, 115–117, 149, 206, 219
Sound, see
phonology
Spanish, 56, 64, 135
SPEAKING, 9, 66
Speech act, 9, 10, 19, 115–117, 123, 131
Speech community, 6, 41, 43, 117, 118,
131, 207
Speech event, 9, 15, 34, 68
Speed, 77, 205
Standard English, 44
Status, 17, 18, 44, 53, 94, 218
Stimulus, 5, 39, 100, 106, 111, 114, 115,
118, 127, 200
Stop consonants, 4
Strategic competence, 17–19, 21, 22
Strategy concept, 186, 187
Stress, 67, 106
Structural linguistics, 47, 98–102, 111, 116,
117
Structural/situational method, 97, 98
Subjectivity, 72, 85, 87–89, 175, 185
Substitution table, 106
Subtractive bilingualism, 44
Suggestopedia, 92, 94, 163
Sustainability, 195
Symbols, 12, 14, 46
Synergy, 52, 53, 171
Syntactic parsing, 52
Synthetic syllabus, 79, 102
Systematicity, 5, 141, 148, 156, 191
T
Taboo, 13
Tabula rasa attitude, 131
Tactical factor, 30, 31, 36, 38, 44, 50, 53
Task-based language teaching (TBLT),
94–96, 163
Teachability hypothesis, 77, 78
Teacher
autonomy, 178, 179
beliefs, 179–181, 183, 186
cognition, 88, 165, 179, 223
education, 92, 95, 109, 114, 157, 165,
169, 170, 179, 182, 183, 199,
215–222
talk, 67, 148, 149
Teaching
analysis, 84, 157, 163
effectiveness, 55, 76, 85, 88, 89, 98, 110,
114, 129, 135, 142, 172
strategy, 55–57, 63, 64, 80, 89, 147, 157,
164, 187, 204
SUBJECT INDEX
257
Testing, 18, 20, 21, 33, 34, 48, 51, 56–58,
63–65, 69, 77, 164, 165, 173, 220,
222
Textual competence, 19
Textual function, 8, 66
Textual knowledge, 22
Theoretical linguistics, 3, 6, 7, 86, 89, 90,
99, 101, 109, 116–119, 136, 157, 162,
166, 201, 216
Theory of practice, 173, 180, 183, 213, 217,
225
Three-dimensional framework, 185, 186,
192, 213
Tone, 9
Tool, 49, 72, 74, 85, 88, 100, 119, 129, 177,
195, 196, 200, 206
Topic control, 71
Total physical response method, 92, 94,
163
Transfer, 30, 37, 42, 45, 107, 110, 128, 131,
147, 188
Transformational grammar, 60, 111, 116
Transformative teacher education, 217
Translation, 37, 98, 109, 187–189
Transmission model, 169, 182, 217, 220
Trust, 92
Turn-taking, 11, 15, 34, 73
U–V
Universal grammar, 6, 20
Universal method, 165, 166
Usefulness, 98, 102, 124, 128, 170, 173
Validity, 18, 78, 170
Value, 14, 29, 38, 72, 74, 162, 165, 183,
207, 211, 223
Videotaping teachers, 213
Voice, 4, 72–74, 175, 182
W
Whole-language movement, 206
Word coinage, 45, see also
inventing new
words
Word order, 64, 76, 77
World War II, 98
258
SUBJECT INDEX
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