J
Japanese, 98
Jazz chants, 90
Juggling, 19
L
L1, see
native language
Language
ability, 7, 16, 19–23, 35, 46, 202–206
as communication, 117, 130
as discourse, 4, 7, 11, 16, 17, 23, 24, 118,
129, 132, 192, 202, 205
as ideology, 4, 11, 16, 23, 24, 71, 178,
202, 207, 209
as system, 4–6, 8, 16, 17, 23, 24, 42, 60,
99, 117, 118, 129, 132, 175, 192,
202, 209
awareness, 12, 15, 20, 25, 36, 42, 48, 61,
65, 70, 73, 95, 120, 129, 138–140,
148, 201, 204, 205, 209–212
behavior, 5, 6, 20, 38, 40, 110, 111
competence, 6–9, 16–24, 26, 32, 44, 61,
141, 177, 188
data, 5, 45, 46, 49, 52,64, 68, 71, 118,
130
definition, 3
game, 61, 80, 188, 190
lab, 106
shift, 17
unit, 4, 8, 11, 51, 79, 118
variety, 22, 43, 44
Language-centered method, 90–93, 96–103,
108–115, 118, 121–125, 129–135,
141–148, 152, 153, 156, 161, 190,
205, 224
Language-processing model, 49
Learnability hypothesis, 77, 78
Learner-centered method, 90–94, 96, 110,
113–136, 141, 144, 146, 148,
152–156, 161, 190, 224
254
SUBJECT INDEX
Learning-centered method, 90–93, 96, 115,
133–149, 152–157, 161, 190, 224
Learning outcome, 55–57, 62, 74, 86, 89,
92, 95, 100, 103, 207
Learning strategy, 36, 176, 177, 187, 203,
206, 207
Learning to learn, 176, 177, 206
Legitimacy, 14
Liberatory autonomy, 177, 178, 206
Listening, 94, 98, 99, 101, 106, 120, 137,
140, 143, 190, 205, 206
Literacy, 32
Literal meaning, 35
Local knowledge, 165–167, 172, 184, 198,
218, 221–223
Locution, 10
M
Macrofunction of language, 8, 66, 117
Macrostrategic framework, 185, 199, 200,
212, 213, 218, 221
Macrostrategy, 201–209, 212, 213
Majority language, 61
Manipulation, 22, 24, 35, 38, 56, 58, 101,
104, 105, 112, 114, 120, 140, 145,
161, 218
Manner, 9, 104
Marginalization, 15, 156, 167, 168, 218, 219
Mastery, 18, 91, 100, 109, 113, 142, 156
Meaning potential, 8, 117
Measurement, 18, 33, 66, 75, 80, 89, 100,
109, 120, 154, 157, 203, 207, 226
Media, 26, 177
Memory, 6, 29, 33, 46, 51, 58, 106, 107,
112, 121, 138, 150, 191
Mental representation, 46–49, 51, 138,
140
Mentalism, 5, 99, 100, 111
Metacognitive strategy, 36, 177, 206
Metafunction, 8
Metalanguage, 41, 42
Metalinguistic function, 48
Method analysis, 84, 92, 157, 163
Method boom, 90, 92
Methodology, 84, 92–95, 125, 130, 134,
156, 157, 162, 163, 169–172, 222
Microstrategy, 201, 208–213
Minority language, 61
Monitor model, 49, 135–138, 141, 191
Monocompetence, 19, 20
Monolingual, 19, 20, 167
Monologic dialogue, 182
Morpheme, 4, 51, 55, 56, 99
Morphology, 17, 23, 45, 47, 61, 66, 117
Motor skills, 94
Multicompetence, 19, 20, 42, 188
Multicultural approach, 208
Multilingual, 115, see also
bilingual
Myth, 163–169, 184
N
National Standards for Foreign Language
Learning, 119
Native language (L1), 6, 20, 29, 32, 37, 38,
41–45, 63, 67, 111, 137, 188
Native speaker (NS), 5, 7, 14, 18, 32, 61,
71, 117, 167, 168, 207, 208, 219, 220
Natural approach (NA), 91, 134–137, 144,
147, 152–154, 157, 163
Natural-order hypothesis, 141, 142
Negotiated interaction, 34, 48, 66, 149,
201, 202, 209, 213
Neologism, 14
New method, 92, 94, 97, 225
Noise, 26
Nonnative speaker (NNS), 14, 18, 44, 71,
219
Nonsimplified input, 26
Nonverbal communication, 141
Norm, 9, 17, 35, 36, 43, 58, 65, 66, 111,
115–120, 125, 149, 192, 203, 207,
224, 226
Noticing function, 48, 65, 66, 75, 138
Notional/functional syllabus, 116, 121, 125,
144
Noun, 5, 6, 67, 102, 104, 122, 201
O
Open-ended task, 120, 144, 145, 149, 152
Opinion-gap activity, 147, 190
Oral and situational language teaching,
163
Organizational competence, 19
Organizational knowledge,n 22
SUBJECT INDEX
255
Output, 5, 25, 26, 28–30, 33, 35, 45, 48–50,
52, 53, 64, 69, 118, 141, 148, 150,
154, 156
Overgeneralization, 45, 132
P
Parallel distributed-processing model, 49,
52, 53
Paraphrase, 17, 37, 45, 67, 147, 148
Parents, 5, 6, 39, 67
Parochial knowledge, 181
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