The Mutual Inductance Element
14.3
coil even when the first coil is kept open. This emf will appear as a potential difference across its
terminals. This emf is called the mutually induced emf in coil-1 due to coil-2. It will be proportional
to
di t
dt
2
( )
and the proportionality constant is defined as
M
12
, the
mutual inductance between coil-1
and coil-2. The induced electric field created at a point in coil-1 by an increasing current in the
second coil may add to the induced electric field created at the same point coil-1 by an increasing
current in coil-1 itself or may subtract from it. That depends on relative winding directions in the
two coils.
The process of mutual induction may also be understood from the point of view of flux linkage.
There is a flux linkage in the first coil due to the current in the second coil even when the first coil
is kept open. This flux linkage is called the
mutual flux linkage in coil-1
due to coil-2. The value of
this mutual flux linkage will be proportional to
i
2
(
t) and the proportionality constant is the mutual
inductance
M
12
. Thus,
M
12
can be understood as the mutual flux linkage in coil-1 per unit current in
coil-2. Rate of change of the mutual flux linkage gives the emf induced in coil-1 by current in coil-2.
The flux linkage created in coil-1 by coil-2 may add to or subtract from the flux linkage created in
coil-1 by its own current.
Hence, the voltage that appears across the coil-1 when both coils are
carrying current will be
v t
L
di t
dt
M
di t
dt
1
1
1
12
2
( )
( )
( )
=
±
V and total flux linkage in coil-1 is
y
1
1 1
12 2
( )
( )
( )
t
L i t
M i t
=
±
Wb-T. The
sign connecting the two terms,
+
or –, will be decided by whether the flux produced in the first coil by
the second coil current is aiding the flux produced by its own current or opposing it.
Similarly, the voltage that appears across coil-2 is
v t
L
di t
dt
M
di t
dt
2
2
2
21
1
( )
( )
( )
=
±
V and total flux
linkage in coil-2 is
y
2
2 2
21 1
( )
( )
( )
t
L i t
M i t
=
±
Wb-T where
M
21
is the
mutual inductance between coil-2
and coil-1.
The value of mutual inductance
M
12
can be measured by measuring the voltage that appears across
the open-circuited coil-1 with a known time-varying voltage applied to coil-2. Similarly, the value
of mutual inductance
M
21
can be measured by measuring the voltage that appears across the open-
circuited coil-2 with a known time-varying voltage applied to coil-1.
Mutual induction arises out of magnetic coupling between two coils. Now, we make an important
assumption. We assume that the two-coil system is constructed in such a way that there is magnetic
coupling only between them and there is no magnetic coupling between these coils and any other
element in the circuit or with the circuit loop itself. This is possible only if the two-coil system is
designed to confine the magnetic field almost entirely within itself. A closed core structure employing
a magnetic material with high magnetic permeability will be needed in practice to achieve this.
Both the coils will be wound around the same core.
With this assumption of
confinement of magnetic flux
linkage entirely within the device itself, we can model
a
two-coil system by an ideal four-terminal element
model. The symbol of the model is shown in Fig.
14.1-2.
L
1
and
L
2
are the self-inductance of the coils.
M is the mutual inductance between them. The two
parallel lines between the coils indicate that they share
a common core. The two ‘dot’
points marked by the
side of coils help to decide the polarity of mutual emf
in relation to the self-induced emf.
Increasing current
i
2
(
t
)
v
2
(
t
)
v
1
(
t
)
M
L
2
L
1
i
1
(
t
)
+
–
+
–
Fig. 14.1-2
A four-terminal element
model for a two-coil
system
14.4
Magnetically Coupled Circuits
entering the dot point in one coil generates a mutual emf in other coil with positive polarity at its dot
point.
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