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Bog'liq
Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

L
di t
dt
1
1
1
( )
( )
=
V and the 
flux linkage of the first coil with the second coil kept open is 
y
1
1 1
( )
( )
t
L i t
=
Wb-T. Similarly, the voltage that appears across 
the second coil with the first coil kept open is v t
L
di t
dt
2
2
2
( )
( )
=
V and the flux linkage of the first coil 
with the second coil kept open is 
y
2
2 2
( )
( )
t
L i t
=
Wb-T, where L

is the self-inductance of the second 
coil. Self-inductance of a coil in a multi-coil system is measured by measuring the inductance across 
the coil with all other coils kept open.
Time-varying current flow in the second coil will produce induced electric field at all points 
inside the first coil. Therefore, there will be an induced emf in the first coil due to i
2
(t) in the second 
v
1
(
t
)
v
2
(
t
)
i
1
(
t
)
+
+


i
2
(
t
)
Fig. 14.1-1 
A two-coil 
coupled system


The Mutual Inductance Element 
14.3
coil even when the first coil is kept open. This emf will appear as a potential difference across its 
terminals. This emf is called the mutually induced emf in coil-1 due to coil-2. It will be proportional 
to 
di t
dt
2
( )
and the proportionality constant is defined as M
12
, the mutual inductance between coil-1 
and coil-2. The induced electric field created at a point in coil-1 by an increasing current in the 
second coil may add to the induced electric field created at the same point coil-1 by an increasing 
current in coil-1 itself or may subtract from it. That depends on relative winding directions in the
two coils.
The process of mutual induction may also be understood from the point of view of flux linkage. 
There is a flux linkage in the first coil due to the current in the second coil even when the first coil 
is kept open. This flux linkage is called the mutual flux linkage in coil-1 due to coil-2. The value of 
this mutual flux linkage will be proportional to i
2
(t) and the proportionality constant is the mutual 
inductance M
12
. Thus, M
12
can be understood as the mutual flux linkage in coil-1 per unit current in 
coil-2. Rate of change of the mutual flux linkage gives the emf induced in coil-1 by current in coil-2. 
The flux linkage created in coil-1 by coil-2 may add to or subtract from the flux linkage created in 
coil-1 by its own current.
Hence, the voltage that appears across the coil-1 when both coils are carrying current will be 
v t
L
di t
dt
M
di t
dt
1
1
1
12
2
( )
( )
( )
=
±
V and total flux linkage in coil-1 is 
y
1
1 1
12 2
( )
( )
( )
t
L i t
M i t
=
±
Wb-T. The 
sign connecting the two terms, 

or –, will be decided by whether the flux produced in the first coil by 
the second coil current is aiding the flux produced by its own current or opposing it. 
Similarly, the voltage that appears across coil-2 isv t
L
di t
dt
M
di t
dt
2
2
2
21
1
( )
( )
( )
=
±
V and total flux 
linkage in coil-2 is 
y
2
2 2
21 1
( )
( )
( )
t
L i t
M i t
=
±
Wb-T where M
21
is the mutual inductance between coil-2 
and coil-1.
The value of mutual inductance M
12
can be measured by measuring the voltage that appears across 
the open-circuited coil-1 with a known time-varying voltage applied to coil-2. Similarly, the value 
of mutual inductance M
21 
can be measured by measuring the voltage that appears across the open-
circuited coil-2 with a known time-varying voltage applied to coil-1.
Mutual induction arises out of magnetic coupling between two coils. Now, we make an important 
assumption. We assume that the two-coil system is constructed in such a way that there is magnetic 
coupling only between them and there is no magnetic coupling between these coils and any other 
element in the circuit or with the circuit loop itself. This is possible only if the two-coil system is 
designed to confine the magnetic field almost entirely within itself. A closed core structure employing 
a magnetic material with high magnetic permeability will be needed in practice to achieve this. 
Both the coils will be wound around the same core. 
With this assumption of confinement of magnetic flux 
linkage entirely within the device itself, we can model 
a two-coil system by an ideal four-terminal element 
model. The symbol of the model is shown in Fig. 
14.1-2. L
1
and L
2
are the self-inductance of the coils. 
M is the mutual inductance between them. The two 
parallel lines between the coils indicate that they share 
a common core. The two ‘dot’ points marked by the 
side of coils help to decide the polarity of mutual emf 
in relation to the self-induced emf. Increasing current 
i
2
(
t
)
v
2
(
t
)
v
1
(
t
)
M
L
2
L
1
i
1
(
t
)
+

+

Fig. 14.1-2 
A four-terminal element 
model for a two-coil 
system


14.4
Magnetically Coupled Circuits
entering the dot point in one coil generates a mutual emf in other coil with positive polarity at its dot 
point.

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