example: 12.11-1
A parallel RLC circuit with L
=
10 mH, C
=
100
m
F, R
=
2.5
W
, V
o
=
10 V and I
o
=
-
1 A is allowed
to execute its free-response from t
=
0. Obtain and plot all the circuit variables as functions of time.
Solution
Undamped natural frequency,
rad/sec
Critical resi
w
n
LC
=
=
1
1000
sstance
Damping factor
Natural frequen
1
2
=
=
∴
=
=
∴
L
C
5
5 2 5 2
Ω
x
/ .
ccies (
and
= − ±
−
= −
×
−
×
x
x
w
2
3
3
1
0 268 10
3 732 10
)
.
.
n
Hence, this circuit is an over-damped one with two real negative natural frequencies corresponding
to two time constants of 3.732 ms and 0.268 ms. There is no forced response component. Therefore
total response for all variables will contain sum of two decaying exponential functions with time
constants calculated above.
∴
=
+
−
×
−
×
i t
A e
A e
L
t
t
( )
.
.
1
0 268 10
2
3 732 10
3
3
(12.11-1)
A
1
and A
2
have to be evaluated from initial conditions. One of the initial conditions – inductor
current – can be directly applied on this equation. The initial current given is specified at t
=
0
-
. But
since there is no impulse voltage in this circuit, the inductor current can not change instantaneously.
Therefore, the value of inductor current at t
=
0
+
and at t
=
0
-
will be the same. Applying this initial
condition at t
=
0
+
on the assumed solution gives one equation on A
1
and A
2
.
A
A
I
o
1
2
1
+
= = −
The second initial condition, the value of capacitor voltage at t
=
0
-
, can be employed to obtain the
second equation needed to solve for A
1
and A
2
. We recognise that (i) in a parallel RLC circuit, voltage
is the common variable and hence the initial value of voltage across inductor is same as V
o
and (ii) the
voltage across an inductor is proportional to first derivative of current.
∴
=
=
+
+
+
di t
dt
v t
L
v t
L
L
L
C
( )
( )
( )
(
)
(
)
0
0
0
But
if there is no impulse current f
v t
L
v t
L
C
C
( )
( )
(
)
(
)
0
0
+
−
=
llow in the capacitor at
A/sec
t
di t
dt
V
L
L
o
=
∴
=
+
0
0
( )
Differentiate the assumed response in Eqn. 12.11-1 and apply this initial condition to get the second
equation on A
1
and A
2.
12.46
SeriesandParallel
RLC
Circuits
−
−
=
=
268
3732
10 0 01 1000
1
2
A
A
/ .
A/sec
Solving for A
1
and A
2
,
A
1
=
-
0.789 and A
2
=
-
0.211
∴
= −
−
≥
=
−
−
+
i t
e
e
t
v t
L
di t
d
L
t
t
L
( )
.
.
( )
( )
0 789
0 211
0
268
3732
A for
tt
e
e
t
i t
C
dv t
dt
t
t
C
=
+
≥
=
= −
−
−
+
2 11
7 89
0
0 05
268
3732
.
.
( )
( )
.
V for
665
2 945
0
0 846
268
3732
268
e
e
t
i t
v t
R
e
t
t
R
t
−
−
−
−
≥
=
=
+
.
( )
( )
.
A for
33 156
0
3732
.
e
t
t
−
+
≥
A for
The sum of the three currents should be zero and it is verified.
4
3.5
3
Amps
Time
(ms)
2.5
2
1.5
1
1
0.5
–0.5
–1
–1.5
–2
–2.5
–3
i
R
(
t
)
i
L
(
t
)
i
C
(
t
)
Volts
Time
(ms)
3
2
1
6
5
4
3
2
1
7
8
9
10
v
(
t
)
Fig. 12.11-2
CurrentandvoltagewaveformsforExample:12.11-1
Figure 12.11-2 shows the three currents and the common voltage waveforms. The two exponential
functions that make the voltage waveform are also shown. In all cases, the exponential with lower
time constant (0.268 ms) dominates the initial behaviour, whereas the exponential with the higher time
constant (3.732 ms) affects the behaviour after 1ms.
example: 12.11-2
A parallel RLC circuit with L
=
1 mH, C
=
1000
m
F, R
=
2.5
W
, V
o
=
0 V and I
o
=
0 A is driven by a
single pulse of current of amplitude 100 A lasting for 10
m
s. Obtain and plot all the circuit variables
as functions of time.
Solution
A single rectangular pulse can be expressed as sum of two step functions. Let the pulse height be I,
pulse duration be t
o
and let it start at t
=
0. Then this pulse can be expressed as I[u(t)
-
u(t
-
t
o
)] where
u(t
-
t
o
) is a unit step which is delayed by t
o
s in the time-axis. Thus, what we have at hand looks like a
step-response problem.
TheParallel
RLC
Circuit
12.47
Undamped natural frequency
rad/sec
Critical resis
w
n
LC
=
=
1
1000
ttance
Damping factor
Natural fre
1
2
=
=
∴
=
=
∴
L
C
0 5
0 5 2 5 0 2
.
. / .
.
Ω
x
qquencies (
and
= − ±
−
= −
+
−
−
x
x w
j
j
j
n
1
200
979 8
200
979 8
2
)
.
.
Hence the circuit is an under-damped one and its natural response terms will be exponentially
damped sinusoidal functions of time.
We note that the time constant of the exponential which damps the sinusoid is 1/200
=
5 ms. The
period of the sinusoid term will be 2
p
/ 979.8
=
6.413 ms. Observe that the duration of current pulse
applied to the circuit is only 0.01 ms. It is very small compared to 5 ms and 6.413 ms. An approximate
solution to the circuit problem can usually be obtained under such situations by approximating
the driving pulse as an impulse with an area content equal to the area content of the pulse being
approximated. The pulse can be arbitrary in shape – only that the pulse duration has to be much less
than the characteristic times involved in the circuit natural response. Hence this problem can be solved
by obtaining the impulse response and scaling it by the magnitude to the impulse used to approximate
the rectangular pulse, i.e., 100 A
×
10
m
s
=
1000
m
C.
No portion of an impulse current can flow through the resistor in a parallel RLC circuit since that
will result in impulse voltage across the combination. Capacitor will not let that happen. No portion
of impulse current can flow through the inductor since inductor does not even permit a finite change
in current over infinitesimal time duration. Hence, the entire input impulse current has to flow through
the capacitor at t
=
0. Therefore, the capacitor voltage changes instantaneously to 1000
m
C/1000
m
F
=
1 V from 0. The impulse current source is open (because a current source which is zero-valued is an
open-circuit ) for all t
≥
0
+
. The only effect of impulse excitation is that it changes the initial condition
abruptly. The subsequent response is the free-response of the circuit.
Now the problem has got reduced to finding the zero-input response (i.e., free-response) of the
circuit with V
o
=
1 V and I
0
=
0.
i t
e
A
t A
t
i
di t
L
t
L
L
( )
sin
.
cos
.
( )
( )
=
+
(
)
=
−
+
200
1
2
979 8
979 8
0
0
A
and
ddt
V
L
o
(
)
0
1000
+
=
=
A/s
Differentiating i
L
(t) and applying initial conditions, A
A
A
2
1
2
0
979 8
200
1000
=
−
=
and
.
.
Solving for A
1
and A
2
, A
1
=
1.0206 and A
2
=
0
∴
=
≥
=
=
−
+
−
i t
e
t
t
v t
L i t
e
L
t
L
( )
.
sin
.
( )
( ( ))
’
1 0206
979 8
0
200
2
A for
000
200
0 204
979 8
979 8
1 0206
979 8
0
t
t
t
t
e
t
(
.
sin
.
cos
. )
.
cos(
.
.
−
+
=
+
−
V
22
0
rad V for
)
t
≥
+
i t
C v t
e
t
t
C
t
( )
( ( ))
.
cos(
.
.
) sin(
.
’
=
=
−
+
−
+
−
200
0 204
979 8
0 2
979 8
0
rad
..
)
.
sin(
.
.
)
( )
2
1 0206
979 8
0 4
0
200
rad
rad A for
[
]
= −
+
≥
−
+
e
t
t
i t
t
R
==
=
+
≥
−
+
v t
R
e
t
t
t
( )
.
cos(
.
.
)
0 408
979 8
0 2
0
200
rad A for
Figure 12.11-3 shows the current and voltage waveforms.
12.48
SeriesandParallel
RLC
Circuits
–0.2
0.2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
Time (ms)
Amps
Volts
v
(
t
)
i
L
(
t
)
i
C
(
t
)
i
R
(
t
)
Exponential
envelope of
v
(
t
)
10
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
–0.4
–0.6
–0.8
–1
Fig. 12.11-3
CurrentandvoltagewaveformsforExample:12.11-2
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |