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Bog'liq
Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

k
k
k
k
sin(tan
)
1
2
1
∴ =
+
+
=
+

(
)
+
+








A
R
k
k
k
v t
R
k
t
k
k
k
e
o
t
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
and
V
( )
sin
tan
w
t
for
t

+
0
We normalise the time variable using the circuit time constant as the base and the output voltage 
by using the value of R as the base value and obtain the following expression for normalised voltage 
v
on
(t) as a function of normalised time t
n
.
v
t
k
kt
k
k
k
e
t
n
t
n
n
on
V for
wher
( )
sin
tan
=
+

(
)
+
+









+
1
1
1
0
2
1
2
ee
and
on
o
v
t
v t
R
t
t
n
( )
( )
=
=
t
(11.3-2)


Zero-StateResponseof
RC
CircuitsforVariousInputs

11.15
This waveform for a case with k 
=
4 is shown in Fig. 11.3-13. We had noted under a similar context 
(Section 10.8 in Chapter 10 on RL Circuits) that the number k can be interpreted as a comparison 
between the characteristic time, i.e., the period of the applied input and the characteristic time of the 
circuit, i.e., its time constant. k can be expressed as 2
p
(
t
/T), where T is the period of input. The value 
of T is indicative of the rate of change involved inthe waveform, i.e., the speed of the waveform and 
time-constant is a measure of inertia in the system. Therefore, an input sinusoid is too fast for a circuit 
to follow, if its T is smaller than the time constant 
t
of the circuit. Similarly, if input sinusoid has a T 
value much larger than time constant of the circuit, the circuit will perceive it as a very slow waveform 
and will respond almost the same way it does to DC input. These aspects are clearly brought out in the 
expression in Eqn. 11.3-2.
Total voltage
Circuit voltage
Applied current
Transient part
Forced response part
(b)
(a)
0.3
1
1
2
3
4
0.5
–0.5
–1
0.2
0.1
1
2
3
4
t/
τ
t/
τ
–0.1
–0.2
–0.3
Fig. 11.3-13 
Unitsinusoidalresponse(normalised)ofaparallel
RC
circuitwith
k

=
4
We make the following observations on the sinusoidal steady-state response of Parallel RC Circuit 
with current source excitation from Eqn. 11.3-2:
• The circuit voltage under sinusoidal steady-state response is a sinusoid at the same angular 
frequency 
w
rad/s as that of input current sinusoid.
• The circuit voltage initially is a mixture of an exponentially decaying unidirectional transient 
component along with the steady-state sinusoidal component. This unidirectional transient imparts 
an offset to the circuit voltage during the initial period.
• The circuit voltage at its first peak can go close to twice its steady-state amplitude in the case of 
circuits with 
w
t
>> 1 due to this offset.
• The amplitude of sinusoidal steady-state response is always less than the corresponding amplitude 
when DC input is applied. This is due to the capacitive inertia of the circuit. When input is a 
current, capacitor in a circuit behaves as electrical inertia, and, when input is a voltage, inductance 
in a circuit behaves as electrical inertia. The amplitude depends on the product 
wt
and decreases 
monotonically with the 
wt
product for fixed input amplitude.
• The response sinusoid (circuit voltage) lags behind the input sinusoid (applied current) under 
steady-state conditions by a phase angle that increases monotonically with the product 
wt
.
• The frequency at which the circuit gain becomes 1/

2 times that of DC gain is termed as cut-off 
frequency and since this takes place as we go up in frequency it is called upper cut-off frequency. 
Upper cut-off frequency of Parallel RC Circuit is at 
w
=
1/
t
 rad/s. The phase at this frequency 
will be – 45
°
.
• Circuit voltage amplitude becomes very small at high frequencies (
w
t
>> 1) and the voltage lags 
the input current by 

90
°
at such frequencies.


11.16


First-Order
RC
Circuits

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