8.14
SinusoidalSteady-StateinThree-PhaseCircuits
Complete Phasor Solution
Phase voltages at source: 230
∠
0
°
, 230
∠-
120
°
, 230
∠
120
°
(V rms)
The first line voltage,
i.e.,
V
RY
, is known to lead the first phase voltage,
i.e.,
V
RN
,
by 30
°
. Therefore,
line voltages at source terminals: 400
∠
30
°
, 400
∠-
90
°
, 400
∠
150
°
(V rms)
Phase voltages at load: 224.9
∠-
1.1
°
, 230
∠-
121.1
°
, 230
∠
118.9
°
(V rms)
Line voltages at load terminals: 389.56
∠
28.9
°
, 389.56
∠-
91.1
°
, 389.56
∠
148.9
°
(V rms)
Line currents: 23.09
∠-
36.9
°
, 23.09
∠-
156.9
°
, 23.09
∠
83.1
°
(A rms)
Complex power delivered by source
=
3 400 23 09
0
36 9
16 36 9
×
×
∠ −
° = ∠
°
.
(
( . ))
. kVA
Complex
power in load
=
3 389 56 23 09
1 1
36 9
15 54 35 8
×
×
∠ −
−
° =
∠
°
.
.
(
.
( . ))
.
. kVA
example: 8.3-2
A balanced
D
-connected load with phase impedance of 23.7
+
j17.1
W
at 50 Hz is supplied from a
400 V, 50 Hz balanced Y-connected source through connection impedance of 0.1
+
j0.3
W
in each line.
(i) Find the line current and load voltage. (ii) Find the load-branch currents. (iii) Find the active and
reactive power delivered by the source and delivered to the load.
Solution
The circuit with all the relevant phasors identified is shown in Fig. 8.3-4.
230.9
∠
0°
V rms
230.9
∠
–120°
V rms
230.9
∠
120°
V rms
–
–
–
+
+
+
I
R
I
B
I
Y
I
RY
I
YB
I
BR
R
N
Y
B
0.1 +
j
0.3
Ω
0.1 +
j
0.3
Ω
0.1 +
j
0.3
Ω
23.7 +
j
17.1
Ω
23.7 +
j
17.1
Ω
23.7 +
j
17.1
Ω
Fig. 8.3-4
AY-connectedsourcedeliveringpowertoa
D
-connectedloadthroughconnection
impedance
The delta-connected impedance is transformed into an Y-connected one by star-delta transformation
equations. Since the delta impedances are equal, the impedance in star connection will be one-third of
delta branch impedance,
i.e., 7.9
+
j5.7
W
. The circuit after this transformation is shown in Fig. 8.3-5.
Now, the single-phase equivalent of this circuit can be identified as the same as in Example: 8.3-1
and hence the solution is same as in that example.
\
Line current (R)
=
23.09
∠-
36.9
°
A rms, Load phase voltage (R)
=
224.9
∠-
1.10 V rms and Load
line voltage (RY)
=
389.56
∠
28.9
°
V rms.
Load active power can be found as 3
×
224.9
×
23.09
×
cos(36.9
°-
1.1
°
) or as
√
3
×
389.56
×
23.09
×
cos(36.9
°-
1.1
°
). The value is 12.64 kW. Similarly, the load reactive power is 3
×
224.9
×
23.09
×
cos(36.9
°-
1.1
°
) or
√
3
×
389.56
×
23.09
×
cos(36.9
°-
1.1
°
). The value is 9.11 kVAr.
AnalysisofBalancedThree-PhaseCircuits
8.15
Branch Currents in Delta-connected Load
Applying KCL at the corners of delta in R-line and Y-line in Fig. 8.3-4, we get
I
RY
–
I
BR
=
I
R
and
I
YB
–
I
RY
=
I
Y
Multiplying the second equation by –1 and adding the
result to the first equation, we get
2
I
RY
– (
I
BR
+
I
YB
)
=
I
R
-
I
Y
But (
I
RY
+
I
BR
+
I
YB
)
=
0 since we expect these three currents to be a three-phase balanced set.
Therefore,
-
(
I
BR
+
I
YB
)
=
I
RY
.
Therefore, 2
I
RY
+
I
RY
=
I
R
-
I
Y
⇒
I
RY
=
(
I
R
-
I
Y
)/3.
We know that
I
R
=
23.09
∠-
36.9
°
A rms.
I
R
,
I
Y
and
I
B
form a balanced three-phase set of phasors.
Therefore,
I
Y
=
23.09
∠-
156.9
°
A rms.
\
3
I
RY
=
(23.09
∠-
36.9
°
-
23.09
∠-
156.9
°
) A rms.
This is the difference between two phasors with 120
°
between them. We have determined the result
of this kind of difference operation before. The result will have a magnitude that is
√
3
×
23.09 and will
lead the first quantity in the difference by 30
°
.
\
3
I
RY
=
40
∠-
6.9
°
and
I
RY
=
13.33
∠-
6.9
°
A rms.
This can also be obtained by observing that RY line voltage at load is 389.56
∠
28.9
°
V rms and
I
RY
is the current drawn by 23.7
+
j17.1
W
(29.225
∠
35.8
°
W
) from this voltage.
Therefore,
I
RY
=
389.56
∠
28.9
°
÷
29.225
∠
35.8
°
=
13.33
∠-
6.9
°
A rms as before.
Now, the remaining two branch currents can be obtained by using three-phase symmetry as
I
YB
=
13.33
∠-
126.9
°
A
rms and
I
BR
=
13.33
∠-
113.1
°
A rms
example: 8.3-3
A delta-connected source with an open-circuit voltage of 200 V rms at 50 Hz is used to deliver power
to a star-connected load with phase impedance of 5.9
+
j7.7
W
. Each phase source in the
D
-connected
source has internal impedance of 0.3
+
j0.9
W
in series with it. (i) Find the phase voltage and line
voltage across the load. (ii) Find the line currents and delta branch currents. (iii) Find the active power
and reactive power delivered to the load and consumed by the internal impedance of the source.
Solution
The three-phase circuit to be analysed is shown in Fig. 8.3-6.
230.9
∠
0° V rms
230.9
∠
120°
V rms
230.9
∠
–120° V rms
–
–
–
+
+
+
I
R
I
B
I
Y
R
N
Y
B
0.1 +
j
0.3
Ω
0.1 +
j
0.3
Ω
0.1 +
j
0.3
Ω
7.9 +
j
5.7
Ω
7.9 +
j
5.7
Ω
7.9 +
j
5.7
Ω
Fig. 8.3-5
TheY-connectedequivalentofcircuitinFig.8.3-4
8.16
SinusoidalSteady-StateinThree-PhaseCircuits
200
∠
–120°
V rms
200
∠
0° V rms
200
∠
120° V rms
–
–
–
+
+
+
I
R
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
B
I
Y
R
Y
B
0.3 +
j
0.9
Ω
0.3 +
j
0.9
Ω
0.3 +
j
0.9
Ω
5.9 +
j
7.7
Ω
5.9 +
j
7.7
Ω
5.9 +
j
7.7
Ω
Fig. 8.3-6
A Delta-connected source with source impedance supplying a star-connected
load
The open-circuit line voltage across source terminals is given to be 200 V rms. The balanced delta
connection shown in Fig. 8.3-6 will not have any current in delta when the terminals are left open
since the loop voltage inside delta is zero. Therefore, the source voltages must themselves be 200 V
rms. A straightforward determination of Y-equivalent of delta connected source is not possible in this
case. We transform the ‘voltage source in series with impedance combinations’ into ‘current source
in parallel with impedance combinations’ by using source transformation theorem. This is shown in
Fig. 8.3-7.
200
∠
–120°
V rms
200
∠
120° V rms
200
∠
0° V rms
–
–
–
+
+
+
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