Sinusoidal Steady-State Response from Phasor Equivalent Circuit
7.21
The waveform as shown in (a) is wrong from another point of view too. We remember that the
voltage applied to the circuit was zero prior to
t
=
0. According to (a), the current suddenly changed
from zero to a –ve value at
t
=
0. It is true that this value of current will exist in the circuit whenever
voltage goes through a positive-going zero-crossing once the circuit has reached steady-state. But the
current cannot do that at the first zero-crossing of voltage itself since it will be the violation of law
of causality then. How did the circuit know while it was at
t
=
0 that the zero voltage that it is being
subjected to at that instant is somehow different from the zero voltage that it was subjected to at the
prior instants? Could it have anticipated that the voltage is going to rise and could it have raised its
current instantaneously as per its anticipation about what the voltage waveform is going to do in future
after
t
=
0 while it was at
t
=
0? No physical system can do that sort of a thing.
All physical systems
are non-anticipatory. The last sentence is yet another form of law of causality. Hence the current
waveform as shown in (a) violates law of causality.
We note from this example that (i) the impedance of an
R
-
L circuit has positive angle which is
tan
-
1
(
w
L/
R) in general (ii) the current in an
R
-
L circuit lags the voltage waveform under steady-state
conditions by tan
-
1
(
w
L/
R) in general.
Average power delivered to resistor
=
(
I
1rm
s
)
2
R
=
(0.986/
√
2)
2
×
100
=
48.6 W
Average power delivered to the resistor can also be calculated by calculating the power delivered
by the voltage source minus the average power delivered
to the inductor. The first quantity is given by
0.5
V
m
I
1m
cos
q
where
q
is the phase angle by which the voltage phasor
leads the current phasor. The
angle in this case is
+
72.34
°
. Therefore average power delivered by the source is 0.5
×
325
×
0.986
×
cos(72.34
°
)
=
48.6 W.
The voltage phasor across the inductor
=
j314.15
×
0.986
∠-
162.34
°
=
309.75
∠-
72.34
°
V.
\
Voltage across inductor
=
309.75 cos(100
p
t –72.34
°
)
=
310.34 sin(100
p
t
+
17.66
°
) V.
\
The phase angle between inductor voltage and current
=
+
17.66
°
– (
-
72.34
°
)
=
+
90
°
This is the expected value since the voltage across an inductor is expected to
lead ahead of its
current under sinusoidal steady-state. Since cosine of 90
°
is zero, the average power delivered to the
inductor under sinusoidal steady-state condition is zero. Therefore, the average power delivered to the
resistor is the same as the average power delivered by the voltage source and is equal to 48.6 W.
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