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  Phase of a Sinusoidal Waveform



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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

6.2.2 
Phase of a Sinusoidal Waveform
Consider the observed sinusoidal waveform shown in Fig. 6.2-3. This waveform may be interpreted 
as a sinusoidal source powered up 17.5 ms prior to the start of observation. Assume that the source 
started delivering the sine wave output from zero value. The instantaneous value observed at the 
starting instant of observation is not zero, but –7.07 V. The amplitude is observed to be 10 V and the 
frequency is seen to be 50 Hz. Thus, we can express this waveform as v(t
=
10 sin (100
p
 t 
+
q
), where 
q
is an angle to be determined from the observed amplitude and instantaneous value at t 
=
0. The value 
at t 
=
0 is 10sin
q
and this is seen to be –7.07 V. Therefore, 
q
=
45
°
=
p
/4 rad.

=

v t
t
( )
sin(
)
10
100
4
p
p
10
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
5
5
–5
–5
–10
–10
–15
–20
v
(
t
) (V)
t
(ms)
Fig. 6.2-3 
Sinusoidal waveform with a non-zero phase


The Sinusoidal Source Function 
6.7
This waveform is plotted against 
w
t in Fig. 6.2-4. Note that the instantaneous value of v(t) at 
w
t 
=
100
p
 t 
=
p
/4 rad is zero as it should be.
10
5
–5
–10
v
(
t
) (V)
t
(rad)
9
π
/4
7
π
/4
–7
π
/4
3
π
/2
–3
π
/2
5
π
/4
–5
π
/4
3
π
/4
–3
π
/4
π
/2

π
/2
π
/4

π
/4
π

π
2
π
–2
π
π
π
π
π
π
π
π
π
π
π
π
π
π
π
π
π π
ω
Fig. 6.2-4 
A sinusoidal waveform with non-zero phase plotted against 
w
t
The argument of trigonometric function in the expression for a sinusoidal waveform is always 
in radians. However, it is permitted to write the angle 
q
in degrees provided the symbol of degree is 
clearly shown. That is, v(t) can be written as 10 sin (100
p
 t – 45
°
) V, but not as 10 sin(100
p
 t 
-
45). 
In the latter case, 45 will be interpreted with radian unit. Moreover, though the form 10 sin (100
p
 t 
-
45
°
) V is permitted, 45
°
has to be converted into radians before subtracting from the value of 100
p
 t 
for some particular t before evaluating the sine function. In short, the form 10 sin (100
p
 t – 45
°
) is 
allowed only as a notation and not for function evaluation. The angular argument has to be in radians 
when an evaluation of trigonometric function is attempted.
The quantity 
q
in v(t
=
A sin (
w
 
t 
+
q
) is defined as the phase of the sinusoidal function. 

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