5.11
probLemS
1. Find the change in voltage across 20
W
resistor in Fig. 5.11-1 when the current source value
increases by 0.5 A.
10
Ω
10
Ω
20
Ω
+
–
+
–
I
V
1
V
2
Fig. 5.11-1
2. V
1
=
V
2
=
6V in the circuit in Fig. 5.11-2. (i) If v
x
is found to be 8V find the value of current source.
(ii) If V
1
increases by 1 V now and I does not change, what should be the change in V
2
such that
v
x
does not change?
Problems
5.39
I
5
Ω
20
Ω
20
Ω
+
–
+
–
+
–
v
x
V
1
V
2
Fig. 5.11-2
3. (i) Find R in the circuit in Fig. 5.11-3, if
∂
∂
v
I
x
1
is found to be 7.5 V/A. (ii) With this value of R
determine
∂
∂
∂
∂
v
I
v
V
x
x
2
1
and
. (iii) If I
1
and I
2
change at the rate of 0.5 A/s what should be
dV
dt
1
such
that
∂
v
dt
x
=
0 V/s?
R
20
Ω
20
Ω
5
Ω
+
–
+
–
v
x
V
1
I
2
I
1
Fig. 5.11-3
4. The voltage v
x
in the circuit in Fig. 5.11-4 is found to be zero when V
2
=
-
2V
1
. dv
x
/dt is found to
be –0.6 V/s when both source voltages are changing at the rate of 1 V/s. Find at least two sets of
values for the three resistors that will explain these observations.
+
–
+
–
+
–
v
x
R
1
R
3
R
2
V
2
V
1
Fig. 5.11-4
5. If the two current source are equal at all instants of time, what should be
dv t
di t
s
s
( )
( )
such that
di t
dt
x
( )
=
0 in the circuit of Fig. 5.11-5? The value of R is 1
W
.
2
R
2
R
R
R
R
+
–
i
x
v
S
(
t
)
i
S
(
t
)
i
S
(
t
)
Fig. 5.11-5
5.40
Circuit Theorems
6. Find (i) voltage across the 10
W
(ii) power dissipated in all resistors by using superposition
principle in the circuit in Fig. 5.11-6.
0.8
Ω
0.5
Ω
10
Ω
1
Ω
12 V
12 V
12 V
+
–
+
–
+
–
Fig. 5.11-6
7. Find (i) i
x
(ii) power dissipated in all resistors by using superposition principle in the circuit in
Fig. 5.11-7.
2 A
3 A
1 A
2
Ω
30
Ω
10
Ω
20
Ω
i
x
Fig. 5.11-7
8. Find the time instant at which v
x
crosses zero first time after t
=
0 in the circuit in Fig. 5.11-8.
5 k
Ω
3 k
Ω
2 k
Ω
8 k
Ω
10 V
12 V
5 sin2
t
+
–
+
+
–
–
+
–
v
x
Fig. 5.11-8
9. Show that v
o
=
-
(v
1
+
v
2
+
v
3
) and v
x
≈
0 as k
→
∞
in the circuit in Fig. 5.11-9. This is an inverting
summer circuit that can be realised using an electronic amplifier with high gain.
v
x
100 k
Ω
1 k
Ω
1 k
Ω
1 k
Ω
1 k
Ω
+
–
+
–
+
–
+
–
+
+
–
–
v
o
v
1
v
2
v
3
k
v
x
Fig. 5.11-9
Problems
5.41
10. Show that v
o
=
v
1
-
v
2
and v
x
≈
0 as k
→
∞
in the circuit in Fig. 5.11-10.
100 k
Ω
1 k
Ω
1 k
Ω
1 k
Ω
1 k
Ω
k
+
–
+
–
+
–
+
+
–
–
v
x
v
x
v
o
v
1
v
2
Fig. 5.11-10
11. Find v
x
in the circuit in Fig. 5.11-11 by employing Superposition Theorem and Star–Delta
Transformation.
2 A
1.5 A
3
Ω
3
Ω
15
Ω
25
Ω
6
Ω
6
Ω
+
–
v
x
Fig. 5.11-11
12. Find i
x
in the circuit in Fig. 5.11-12 by applying Superposition Theorem and Star–Delta
Transformation.
90
Ω
30
Ω
10
Ω
25
Ω
15
Ω
60
Ω
10 V
19 V
+
–
+
–
i
x
Fig. 5.11-12
13. Refer to Fig. 5.11-10. If all the 1k
W
resistors can have values between 0.9k
W
to 1.1k
W
due to
manufacturing tolerances, find an expression for maximum deviation in v
o
from the expected v
o
=
(v
1
-
v
2
) in terms of v
1
and v
2
by applying Compensation Theorem.
14. (i) Find an expression for v
x
in the circuit in Fig. 5.11-13 in terms of v
1
and v
2
by using Superposition
Theorem. (ii) If all resistors with nominal value of 1k
W
can have values between 0.98k
W
and 1.02k
W
due to manufacturing tolerances or mismatches between devices, find an expression for deviation
in v
x
from the expression arrived at in the first step by employing Compensation Theorem. The
circuit is an approximate model of a differential amplifier using two bipolar junction transistors.
1 k
Ω
1 k
Ω
1 k
Ω
9 k
Ω
2 mA
1 k
Ω
100
+
–
+
+
–
–
v
1
v
2
i
x
i
x
100
i
y
i
y
v
x
Fig. 5.11-13
5.42
Circuit Theorems
15. (i) Find the value of R in the circuit in Fig. 5.11-14, if i
x
is to be zero. (ii) If i
x
was seen to be
0.01mA, find the value of R by using Compensation Theorem.
R
1 k
Ω
0.1 k
Ω
9 k
Ω
90 k
Ω
10 V +
–
i
x
Fig. 5.11-14
16. Find the Thevenin’s equivalent of the circuit in Fig. 5.11-15 with respect to terminals a and b.
4 A
b
a
5
Ω
5
Ω
10
Ω
20
Ω
15
Ω
Fig. 5.11-15
17. What should be the value of R if the current through it is to be 1 A in the direction shown in the
circuit in Fig. 5.11-16?
10
v
x
R
10
Ω
100
Ω
10 V
+
+
–
+
–
–
v
x
Fig. 5.11-16
18. Find the Thevenin’s equivalent and Norton’s equivalent of the circuit in Fig. 5.11-17 with respect
to terminal pair a
-
b.
b
a
10
Ω
5
Ω
0.6
i
S
(
t
)
v
x
v
y
v
y
0.4
v
x
+
–
+
–
Fig. 5.11-17
19. Find the Thevenin’s equivalent and Norton’s equivalent of the circuit in Fig. 5.11-18 .
b
a
5
Ω
10
Ω
0.6
i
S
(
t
)
i
y
i
y
0.4
i
x
i
x
Fig. 5.11-18
Problems
5.43
20. Find the Thevenin’s equivalent and Norton’s equivalent for the circuit in Fig. 5.11-19 with respect
to terminal pair a
-
b.
b
a
25
Ω
10
Ω
0.6
v
S
(
t
)
i
x
i
y
i
x
0.4
i
y
+
–
+
–
+
–
Fig. 5.11-19
21. Find the Thevenin’s equivalent and Norton’s equivalent for the circuit in Fig. 5.11-20 with respect
to terminal pair a
-
b.
b
a
10
Ω
10
Ω
0.5
v
S
(
t
)
i
x
i
x
0.5
v
x
v
x
+
–
+
+
–
–
Fig. 5.11-20
22. Approximate equivalent circuit of a Unity Gain Buffer Amplifier (also called Voltage Follower)
using a high gain differential amplifier (an electronic amplifier that amplifies the difference
between two voltages) is shown in Fig. 5.11-21. 200k
W
represents the input resistance of the
amplifier and 1k
W
represents the output resistance of the amplifier. k is the gain of the amplifier. (i)
Obtain the Thevenin’s equivalent of the circuit in terms of v
S
(t) and k. (ii) Show that the Thevenin’s
equivalent resistance (R
o
) approaches zero, v
oc
(t) approaches v
S
(t) and the ratio v
S
(t) /i
S
(t) (i.e.,
input resistance of the circuit) approaches infinity as k
→
∞
.
b
a
1 k
Ω
200 k
Ω
v
S
(
t
)
i
S
(
t
)
k
v
x
v
x
+
–
+
+
+
–
–
–
Fig. 5.11-21
23. The circuit in Fig. 5.11-22 shows the approximate equivalent circuit of the so-called common-
base amplifier using a single bipolar junction transistor. Find the Thevenin’s equivalent of the
amplifier across the terminals marked a and b.
R
L
b
a
2 k
Ω
1 k
Ω
1 k
Ω
50
Ω
50
Ω
50
v
S
(
t
)
v
x
v
x
+
–
+
–
Fig. 5.11-22
5.44
Circuit Theorems
24. The circuit in Fig. 5.11-23 shows the approximate equivalent circuit of the so-called common-
emitter amplifier with un-bypassed emitter using a single bipolar junction transistor. Find the
Thevenin’s equivalent of the amplifier across the terminals marked a and b.
R
L
b
a
2 k
Ω
1 k
Ω
1 k
Ω
50
Ω
150
v
S
(
t
)
i
x
i
x
+
–
Fig. 5.11-23
25. Refer to the circuit in Fig. 5.11-24. With V
=
10 V, I
=
1 A and R
=
10
W
, the value of i
x
is found
to be 0.5A. The corresponding value with R
=
20
W
, V
=
20 V and I
=
-
2A is – 2 A. Find the value
of i
x
when R
=
5
W
, V
=
10 V and I
=
2A. (Hint: Find Thevenin’s equivalent using superposition
principle.)
V
R
I
Linear
resistive
network
+
–
i
x
Fig. 5.11-24
26. Refer to the circuit in Fig. 5.11-25. With V
=
10 V, I
=
1 A and R
=
10
W
, the value of v
x
is found to
be 10 V. The corresponding value with R
=
20
W
, V
=
20 V and I
=
4A is 0 V. Find the value of v
x
when R
=
5
W
, V
=
10 V and I
=
2A. (Hint: Find Norton’s equivalent using superposition principle.)
R
V
I
Linear
resistive
network
+
–
+
–
v
x
Fig. 5.11-25
27. Using the data shown in the first circuit in Fig. 5.11-26, find I
1
for second circuit. Can I
2
be found
using the given data? (Hint: Reciprocity Theorem
+
Superposition Theorem.)
2 A
1 A
10 V
5 V
5 V
Linear
resistive
network
Linear
resistive
network
+
–
+
–
+
–
I
2
I
1
Fig. 5.11-26
Problems
5.45
28. Using the data shown in the first circuit in Fig. 5.11-27, find v
1
for second circuit. Can v
2
be found
using the given data? (Hint: Reciprocity Theorem
+
Superposition Theorem.)
2 A
2 A
1 A
7 V
Linear
resistive
network
Linear
resistive
network
10 V
+
–
+
–
+
–
+
–
i
2
v
1
v
2
Fig. 5.11-27
29. Using the data shown in the first circuit in Fig. 5.11-28, find v
1
for second circuit. Can i
2
be found
using the given data? (Hint: Reciprocity Theorem
+
Superposition Theorem.)
2 A
1 A
1 A
10 V
Linear
resistive
network
Linear
resistive
network
10 V
+
–
+
–
+
–
i
2
v
1
Fig. 5.11-28
30. Show that the circuit in Fig. 5.11-29 is reciprocal with respect to terminal pairs a–b and c–d.
b
a
d
c
2
Ω
1
Ω
2
+
–
+
–
i
y
i
y
v
x
v
x
2
Fig. 5.11-29
31. (i) Find the value of R for maximum power transfer into it and the value of power transferred to
it in the circuit in Fig. 5.11-30. (ii) Calculate the power loss in all resistors in the power delivery
circuit and find efficiency power transfer with half of the value calculated in the first step for R.
0.5 A
R
10
Ω
10
Ω
20
Ω
20
Ω
10 V
+
–
Fig. 5.11-30
5.46
Circuit Theorems
32. A resistor of 20
W
connected across a–b in the circuit of Fig. 5.11-31 draws maximum power from
the circuit and the power drawn is 100W. (i) Find the value of R and I
1
. (ii) With 20
W
across a
-
b
find the value of I
1
such that power transferred to it is 0 W.
10 A
R
a
b
10
Ω
10
Ω
20
Ω
20
Ω
I
1
Fig. 5.11-31
33. Find the value of R for maximum power transfer in the circuit of Fig. 5.11-32 and the ratio v
x
/v
S
with this value of R.
R
v
S
i
x
i
x
v
x
v
x
1 k
Ω
200
0.0003
0.2 k
Ω
5 k
Ω
2 k
Ω
+
+
–
–
+
–
Fig. 5.11-32
34. A composite load consisting of a resistor R in parallel with a 6V DC source in series with 3
W
is
connected across terminal pair a
-
b in the circuit of Fig. 5.11-33. (i) Find the value of R such that
maximum power is delivered to the load circuit. (ii) Find the current in the 6 V source under this
condition.
3
Ω
0.4
Ω
0.5
Ω
0.7
Ω
12 V
13 V
6 V
+
–
+
–
+
–
+
–
12.5 V
R
b
a
Fig. 5.11-33
35. Find R such that maximum power is transferred to the load connected to the right of a
-
b in the
circuit in Fig. 5.11-34.
200
Ω
60
Ω
40
Ω
0.5 A
2 A
2 A
R
a
b
Fig. 5.11-34
P o w e r a n d E n e r g y i n
P e r i o d i c Wa v e f o r m s
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• To explain the need for sinusoidal waveforms and the importance of sinusoidal analysis.
• To explain the concepts of phase, phase difference, phase lag/lead, phase delay/advance,
time delay/advance etc. in the context of sinusoidal waveforms.
• To introduce instantaneous power, cyclic average power and average power in periodic
waveforms.
• To define effective value of periodic waveforms and illustrate rms calculations through
examples.
• To develop and explain the power superposition principle and to emphasise the pitfalls in
applying this principle.
• To develop an expression for effective value of composite periodic waveform and point out
pitfalls in applying the result.
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