5.16
Circuit Theorems
Therefore,
the current through R when both sources are acting will be 1.25
-
0.45
=
0.8 A.
Therefore power dissipation in
R
=
0.8
2
×
2
=
1.28 W
5.3
SubStItutIon theorem
Consider the three-mesh circuit shown in Fig. 5.3-1. Mesh analysis reveals that the mesh currents are
1A, 2A and 3A as shown in the figure. Two nodes
a
and
a´
have been identified in the circuit and the
current crossing the node
a
from left to right is marked as 2A. The voltage of
a
with respect to
a´
is
calculated to be 1 V and is marked in the figure.
V
1
R
5
V
2
2 A
1 V
a
a
5 V
6 V
2 V
11 V
1 A
2 A
3 A
+
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
V
3
V
4
R
1
2
Ω
R
2
3
Ω
R
3
1
Ω
4
Ω
R
4
1
Ω
Fig. 5.3-1
Three-mesh circuit with two nodes –
a
and
a´
–
identified
Now we add two current sources between the two nodes,
a
and
a´
, as shown in Fig. 5.3-2. The
current sources have equal and opposite currents of 2 A magnitude.
V
1
R
5
V
2
2 A
a
a
1 V
5 V
6 V
2 V
11 V
1 A
2 A
2 A
2 A
3 A
+
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
V
3
V
4
R
1
2
Ω
R
2
3
Ω
R
3
1
Ω
R
4
1
Ω
4
Ω
Fig. 5.3-2
Circuit in Fig. 5.3-1 with two current sources added
We have not changed the KCL equation at node
a
and node
a´
. The mesh introduced in this step is
a trivial mesh. Hence the circuit solution everywhere will remain the same as before. Now introduce
a pair of nodes
b
and
b´
that are connected to
a
and
a´
, respectively, by shorting links as in Fig. 5.3-3.
V
1
R
5
V
2
2 A
a 0 b
0
1 V
5 V
6 V
2 V
11 V
1 A
2 A
2 A 2 A
3 A
+
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
V
3
V
4
a
b
R
1
2
Ω
R
2
3
Ω
R
3
1
Ω
R
4
1
Ω
4
Ω
Fig. 5.3-3
Additional
node pair
b
and
b´
identified in circuit of Fig. 5.3-1
We note that the current flows in the shorting links
a
-
b
and
a´
-
b´
are zero. Therefore, breaking the
shorting links should not affect the circuit solution in both parts of the original circuit (see Fig. 5.3-4).
Substitution Theorem
5.17
R
5
2 V
11 V
3 A
–
–
+
+
V
3
V
4
V
1
R
1
2
Ω
R
4
1
Ω
R
3
1
Ω
R
2
3
Ω
V
2
a
a
b
1 V
5 V
6 V
1 A
2 A
2 A
2 A
+
–
–
–
+
+
4
Ω
b
Fig. 5.3-4
The original circuit separated into two
parts without the solution
in either part getting affected
Thus, as far as the first part is concerned, we have been able to replace or
substitute the second part
with a current source without any circuit variable in the first part undergoing any change. This current
source has a value exactly equal to the current drawn by the second part of the circuit from first part
of the circuit. Similar statement can also be framed for second part of the circuit.
Now, add two independent voltage sources to the circuit in Fig. 5.3-1 instead of current sources
as shown in Fig. 5.3-5. We have not affected the KVL in second mesh in any way and hence circuit
solution remains the same as before throughout. However, we have reduced the voltage between
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