current variables adhering to passive sign convention have been identified, though, not labelled. The
labelling scheme is the same as the one we employed in the previous section.
I
1
I
2
I
3
R
1
R
0.2
Ω
R
2
R
5
R
3
R
4
R
6
v
1
v
2
v
3
1
Ω
0.5
Ω
0.5
Ω
0.2
Ω
1
Ω
9 A
21 A
–17 A
1
2
3
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Fig. 4.2-1
Example circuit with resistors and independent current sources for nodal
analysis
The node that has largest number of elements connected to it is taken as reference node R and is
indicated by a thick line in the diagram.
This circuit has a solution. Certain finite voltages will exist across elements and certain finite
currents will flow through them. We can measure voltage across elements by connecting a voltmeter
across them. Now, assume that the resistor
R
6
is removed. Obviously, the circuit will have a different
solution. However, note that with
R
6
removed, there is no element connected directly from node-3 to
reference node. We can still connect a voltmeter between node-3 and reference node and get a finite
reading that indicates the voltage of node-3 with respect to the reference node. This measured voltage
is
not the voltage across any element (we are assuming that
R
6
is removed). Thus, we see that each
node in the circuit will have a voltage difference with respect to the reference node quite irrespective
of whether that voltage can be identified as the voltage across some element or other. These voltages
are called
node voltages. Node voltage is the voltage of a node in a circuit with respect to a chosen
reference node in the circuit.
We observe that all the three node voltage variables are identifiable as element voltages in this
circuit. However, this need not be the case always.
If the node voltages are known, the element voltages may be calculated as linear combination of
node voltages. After all, an element has to be connected between two nodes. If one of them is reference
node itself, then the element voltage is equal the node voltage of the other node or negative of that. If
both nodes are different from reference node, then the element voltage will be the difference between
the node voltages at those two nodes.
Three node voltage variables are identified and labelled as
v
1,
v
2
and
v
3
in the circuit. Since reference
node is the node with respect to which the other node potentials are defined, no node voltage variable
needs to be assigned for it. Its node voltage is zero by definition.
Now, apply KVL to get equations relating the element voltages to node voltages. For example,
consider the loop formed by R-Node-1-Node-2-R. KVL in this loop gives,
− +
+
=
∴
= −
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