4.4
Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis of Memoryless Circuits
Obviously, these six equations do not form an independent set. For example, the first three
will add up to the last one. The first two will add up to the fourth one. Second and third will add
up to the fifth. Thus, the last three are not independent equations. The first three are independent
since each contains at least one voltage variable that does not figure in the other two. Hence, we
may accept the first three as the independent set of three KVL equations. However, there are other
possible choices too. For instance, the first two and the last will form an independent set of three
equations.
Thus, we have six independent KCL equations and three independent KVL equations making up
nine equations involving 18 variables – 9 current variables and 9 voltage variables. The remaining
nine equations come from element equations. The complete set of 18 equations needed to solve for 18
variables are listed below.
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
S
R
R
R
R
S
R
R
R
R
S
R
1
1
1
2
3
2
2
3
4
5
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
+ =
−
−
+
=
+
=
− −
+
=
+
=
;
;
;
,,
i
i
S
R
4
5
0
−
=
−
+
−
+
=
−
+
+
−
+
=
−
+
+
+
=
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
S
R
R
S
S
R
R
R
S
S
R
R
S
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
4
3
3
4
5
4
0
0
0
v
R i
v
R i
v
R i
v
R i
v
R i
v
v t
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
S
1
1 1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
1
1
=
=
=
=
=
=
;
;
;
;
( );;
( );
( );
( )
v
v t v
v t v
v t
S
S
S
2
2
3
3
4
4
=
=
=
v
1
(
t),
v
2
(
t),
v
3
(
t) and
v
4
(
t) are the time-functions which describe the voltage delivered by the
independent voltage sources.
Thus, we have 18 equations in 18 unknowns. They come in three sets – the first set consists of
(
n
-
1) KCL equations, the second set contains (
b
-
n
+
1) KVL equations and the third set contributes
b element equations. Can we simplify this problem and reduce the number of variable we have to
deal with? This is where the systematic procedures we set out to develop in this chapter come into
focus.
Nodal Analysis uses the second and third set of equations (KVL and element equations)
to eliminate variables, reduces the number of pertinent variables to (
n
-
1) node voltage
variables and uses the first set of equations (KCL equations) to solve for these
variables.
Mesh Analysis uses the first and third set of equations (KCL and element equations) to
eliminate variables, reduces the number of pertinent variables to (
b
-
n
+
1) mesh current
variables and uses the second set of equations (KVL equations) to solve for these
variables.
We develop the method of Nodal Analysis first through a series of examples that follow.
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