3.18
Single Element Circuits
of homogeneity and the principle of additivity. Principle of homogeneity requires that when input is
scaled
by a real constant, the output also must get scaled by the same constant.
We will treat
i(
t) as input and
v(
t) as output first. This implies that we are applying a current source
across inductor and observing the voltage appearing across the combination as output. The governing
equation then is
v(
t)
=
L di(
t)
/dt. Obviously, when
i(
t) is multiplied (scaled) by a real constant
a
,
v(
t)
also gets scaled by same number. Hence, principle of homogeneity is satisfied.
Principle of additivity requires that when two inputs are applied simultaneously, the output observed
is the sum of individual outputs observed when these inputs are applied individually. Let us say the
voltage across inductor is
v
1
(
t) when a current source of
i
1
(
t) is applied to it and voltage across inductor
is
v
2
(
t) when a current source of
i
2
(
t) is applied to it. Then the voltage will be
v
1
(
t)
+
v
2
(
t) when
i
1
(
t)
+
i
2
(
t) is applied if principle of additivity is satisfied. Obviously, this is also true in the present case.
Therefore, the relation
v t
L
di t
dt
( )
( )
=
satisfies both principles.
Now, we consider voltage as input and current as output. This implies that we are applying a voltage
source across the inductor and observing its current as output. The governing relationship in this case is
i t
L
v t dt
t
( )
( )
=
−∞
∫
1
It may easily be verified that this relationship satisfies both the requirements. However, there is a
caveat here.
We do not know v(
t)
for t < 0. Therefore, we write this relationship as
i t
L
v t dt
L
v t dt
L
v t dt
I
L
v t dt
t
t
t
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
=
=
+
=
+
−∞
−∞
∫
∫
∫
∫
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
thereby
absorbing all of v(
t) for
t < 0 into a single number
I
0
.
Now, if the portion of
v(
t) that we apply,
i.e., for
t
≥
0
+
is multiplied by a real constant
a
, the
inductor current will be
i t
I
L
v t dt
t
( )
( )
=
+
∫
0
0
a
and that is not
a
times the earlier current. Hence, principle of homogeneity is not satisfied by the
total current unless the initial condition is zero. Therefore, we will have to make a qualified statement
that the principle of homogeneity is satisfied by the component of current contributed by the applied
voltage function.
Similarly,
i t
v t
i t
I
L
v t dt
i t
v t
t
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
when
is applied
when
is
1
1
0
1
0
2
1
=
+
∫
aapplied
when
is applied
i t
I
L
v t dt
i t
v t
v t
i
t
2
0
2
0
1
2
1
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
=
+
+
∫
112
0
1
2
0
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
1
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
t
I
L
v t
v t dt
I
L
v t dt
L
v t dt
t
t
t
=
+
+
(
)
=
+
+
∫
∫
∫∫
≠
+
i t
i t
1
2
( )
( )
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The Inductor
3.19
Hence the principle of additivity is not satisfied by the total current unless the initial condition is
zero. Therefore, we will have to make a qualified statement that principle of additivity is satisfied by
the component of current contributed by applied voltage function.
These two principles put together is called
superposition principle.
A linear element is one that
satisfies superposition principle. Inductor is a linear element if it is understood that the superposition
principle has to be applied to the current component which is produced
by the applied voltage
from
t
=
0 onwards. The initial current has to be excluded from the purview of superposition
principle.
An inductor with zero initial current is a linear electrical element. An inductor with non-
zero initial current is a linear element as far as the current component caused by applied
voltage is concerned.
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