Summary
12.53
• A pure LC circuit with initial energy oscillates sinusoidally forever with a frequency of
w
n
LC
=
1
rad/s.
v
C
(
t) will have an amplitude of 2
E C
o
, where
E
o
is the total initial energy storage in
the circuit,
i.e., E
LI
CV
o
o
o
=
(
)
+
(
)
2
2
2
2 , where
V
o
and
I
o
are the initial capacitor voltage and
inductor current respectively.
i(
t) will have an amplitude of 2
E L
o
and the ratio between voltage
amplitude
and current amplitude is L C .
• The parameter called damping factor,
x
, decides the nature of natural response in
RLC circuits.
x
=
R
L C
2
for series
RLC circuit and
x
=
1
2
L C
R
for parallel
RLC circuit. If
x
> 1, the circuit is
an over-damped one and its natural response will contain two decaying real exponential functions.
If
x
=
1, the circuit is a critically damped one and its natural response will contain an exponential
function and a product of time with same exponential function. If
x
<1, the circuit will be an
under-damped one and its natural response will contain exponentially damped sine function and
cosine function.
• The natural
frequency s
=
s
+
j
w
stands for a complex exponential signal
e
st
in time-domain. This
signal will represent one of the many components present in the zero-input response of the circuit
that has
s as one of its natural frequencies. Thus,
natural frequency is a stand-in for
e
st
.
•
Natural frequencies for an RLC circuit are : (
)
− ±
−
x
x
w
2
1
n
if the circuit is over-damped,
-
xw
n
with multiplicity of 2 if the circuit is critically damped and (
)
− ±
−
x
x w
j
n
1
2
if the circuit is
under-damped.
• Quality factor
Q of a
RLC circuit is another parameter that quantifies damping in the circuit. It is
related to
x
through the relationship
Q
=
1 2
x
. In lightly damped
RLC circuits, the fractional loss
of energy in one oscillation in zero-input response is given by 2
p
/
Q or 4
px
.
• The capacitor voltage in a series
RLC circuit is a low-pass output. This leads to application of
series
RLC circuit as a good averaging filter.
• The resistor voltage in a series
RLC circuit is a band-pass output with centre frequency at
w
n
and
a bandwidth of
w
n
/
Q or 2
xw
n
. The two half-power frequencies are asymmetrically located around
centre frequency in general. However, in a narrow band-pass case (
i.e., Q > 5 or
x
< 0.1), they are
more
or less symmetric about
w
n
.
• In a circuit excited by a single sinusoidal voltage source (current source) across a pair of terminals,
resonance is the
sinusoidal steady-state condition under which the current drawn at the terminals
(voltage appearing across the terminals) is in phase with the source voltage (current). Equivalently,
resonance is the condition under which the input impedance (admittance) offered to the sinusoidal
source is resistive.
• Series
RLC circuit is resonant at
w
n
. At that frequency, the impedance of the circuit is
minimum
at
R and is resistive. Circuit draws current at unity power factor. Voltage across capacitor and
inductor will be of equal amplitude, but opposite in phase. The voltage amplification factor at
resonance will be
Q or 1/2
x
.
• Parallel
RLC circuit is resonant at
w
n
. At that frequency, the impedance of the circuit is a
maximum
at
R and is resistive. Circuit develops voltage at unity power factor. Current through capacitor and
inductor will be of equal amplitude, but opposite in phase. The current
amplification factor at
resonance will be
Q or 1/2
x
.
•
The voltage across a parallel RLC circuit is a band-pass output with centre frequency at
w
n
and a
bandwidth of
w
n
/
Q or 2
xw
n
. The two half power frequencies are asymmetrically located around
12.54
SeriesandParallel
RLC
Circuits
the centre frequency in general. However, in a narrow band-pass case (
i.e., Q > 5 or
x
< 0.1), they
are more or less symmetric about
w
n
.
•
Quality factor Q of a
RLC circuit is 2
p
times the ratio between total energy storage in the
beginning of an oscillation cycle to the energy lost during that cycle under source-free condition.
Equivalently, it is 2
p
times the ratio of total energy stored in the circuit to the energy dissipated in
one cycle when the circuit is in sinusoidal steady state at resonant frequency.
• However, quality factor of an element like
L or
C is 2
p
times the ratio between maximum energy
stored in reactive part of that element to the energy lost in one cycle in that element under steady-
state
operation at a particular
w
. It will be a frequency-dependent number.
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