Chapter 11: Evidence before the Ad Hoc Tribunals
305
interpretation of r 71 and held that it should be invoked only as intended, namely as
an exception to the general rule that witnesses should be heard directly by the Trial
Chamber. An exception applies where both parties agree.
97
The witness’s age, poor
mental or physical condition may amount to exceptional circumstances.
98
Also, the
refusal of the government of the country where the witness is residing to allow the
transfer of the witness to the Tribunal may constitute an exceptional circumstance.
99
As for the requirement of the interests of justice, Chambers are more reluctant to
accept the presence of this ground. The ICTY established the following criteria on
the basis of which to evaluate whether a deposition is in the interests of justice: (1)
the testimony must have sufficient importance in the sense that it would be unfair to
run the trial without its admission; (2) the witness is unwilling or unavailable to
testify orally; (3) the deposition will not prejudice the right of the accused to confront
the witness.
100
These criteria are equally accepted by the ICTR, but the ICTR added
one additional criterion: ‘the practical considerations (including logistical difficulty,
expense, and security risks) of holding a deposition in the proposed location [should]
not outweigh the potential benefits to be gained by doing so.’
101
In the
Naletilic
case,
the ICTY Trial Chamber stated that deposition evidence would be admitted where
‘the witness proposed for deposition will not present eyewitness evidence directly
implicating the accused in the crimes charged, or alternatively, their evidence will
be of a repetitive nature in the sense that many witnesses will give evidence of similar
facts’.
102
It should be noted that the tribunals do not make a distinction between
requests for deposition of evidence from the defence and those from the prosecution;
notwithstanding the fact that the main problem of taking deposition is that it may
undermine the position of the defence.
As explained, the ICTY amended r 71. The term ‘exceptional circumstances’ has
been deleted to make its use more flexible. It still needs to be in the interests of justice,
which relates to the importance and the disputable nature of the evidence. The ICTR
95
Even the unavailability of one of the Trial Chamber judges amounted to exceptional circumstances.
See
Kordic and Cerkez,
Decision on the Prosecutor’s Request to Proceed by Deposition (13 April 1999);
Prosecutor v Kupreskic and Others,
Decision on Prosecutor’s Request to Proceed by Deposition (25
February 1999), Case No IT-95–16-T.
96
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