International Criminal Law
258
The reluctance of national courts to insist that the exchange of evidence takes
place under formal arrangements has encouraged prosecuting authorities to engage
in more informal methods of evidence gathering.
180
However, in
Radak,
181
the Court
ofAppeal refused to sanction the prosecution’s failure to make use of available mutual
legal assistance procedures intended to safeguard defence rights. In this case, the
prosecution could have issued a letter requesting assistance in obtaining the witness’s
written testimony for use in criminal proceedings in the UK. On receipt of a formal
letter of request, the US authorities provide assistance in accordance with the
provisions of the treaty between the Government of the UK of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland and the Government of the US on mutual legal assistance in
criminal matters. Article 8(4) provides that a requested party shall allow persons
specified in the letter of request to ask questions of the person whose testimony is
being taken. The examination of the witness is conducted through a legal
representative qualified to appear before the courts of the requested State. Under
this procedure the parties are provided with the opportunity to test the evidence of
a witness living overseas by cross-examination. The court held that the failure to
obtain evidence in accordance with s 3 of the CJICA 1990 was relevant to the exercise
of the judge’s discretion to grant leave to admit a written statement under s 26 of the
CJA 1988.
182
Although the prosecution had known from the outset that a crucial
witness was reluctant to leave the US, they ‘let slip the opportunity of obtaining
cross-examined evidence on commission in time for the date fixed for the trial’.
183
The issue for the court was whether the lack of opportunity to cross-examine this
witness was sufficiently unfair to the defence that it was not in the interests of justice
to admit the evidence. In seeking leave to admit the statement, the prosecution were
‘seeking leave to cover their culpability’
184
for failing to use treaty provisions designed
to provide the prosecution and defence with an equal opportunity to summon and
examine witnesses which would safeguard defence rights and minimise any
180 See, eg,
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