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constituent proportioning [11, 12]. Among the remaining models, three of more common ones
were chosen and are described briefly in the following sections.
2.1. Modified Toufar
According to Toufar et al. [13] the packing density depends on the
diameter ratio of the two
particle class that are to be mixed. It is assumed that each of fine particles is placed between
exactly four of the course particles. The Toufar model was later modified by Golterman et al.
[14] since it was shown that the original model predicts that the packing density of a sample of
coarse particles does not increase when a small amount of fine particles is added to the
coarse
particles, which is in contrast with reality.
The required input data for Modified Toufar model includes packing density
ij
and
characteristic
diameter
d
char
of each material that is used in the combination. Modified Toufar model can be
used for estimating packing density of a multicomponent system. However, calculation
of multi-
component mixtures based on this procedure tends to underestimate the packing density [15].
On the other hand Modified Toufar model is fairly easy to use and can be implemented in a
spreadsheet with a little effort.
2.2. 4C Model
4C is a computer program developed by Danish Technological Institute and is based on the
Linear Packing Density Model (LPDM). The Linear Packing Density Model can be used to
optimize the grading curve of a concrete mixture. The key elements of the LPDM used to
determine packing density are:
i. Calibrate the
eigenpacking density
a
i
of each constituent material
ii. Calculate
a
i
of combination for each clustered
size class
d
i
iii. Calculate
y
i
(volume) of combination for each clustered size class
d
i
iv. Claculate the total packing density
The Linear Packing Density Model can predict the packing density for several
particle classes,
which makes the model suitable for real concrete mixtures [10].
The accuracy of the model
depends on interaction formulas which are relations derived from the
packing density of two-
component mixtures [16, 17]. 4C packing model uses
ȝ
-value as an interaction factor which
indicates possible maximum ratio (size) between small and large particles without the smaller
particle interfering with the packing of the larger particles. For the purpose of this study three
values of
ȝ
were compared to actual data obtained from laboratory tests. It should be mentioned
that
ȝ
is an empirical value and needs to be calibrated based on the laboratory data.
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