§. 1) Juftiga ega bo’lgan otlar doim ko’plikda qo’llanadi va ulardan so’ng
fe’llar ham ko’plik shaklda bo’ladi:
Glasses –
ko’zoynak
Tongs -
ombir
Tweezers –
pinset, qisqich
Pants –
kalta ishton, trusik
Binoculars
- durbin
Pyjamas
- pijama
Shorts –
shortik
Pliers –
ombur, qisqich
Scissors -
qaychi
Trousers -
shim
Spectacles –
ko’zoynak (zreniyaniki)
Jeans -
jensi
Tights –
kolgotka
For example:
My glasses
aren’t
good – mening ko’zoynagim yaxshi
These
glasses
are
on the table – ko’zoynak stolning ustida turibdi
Ten
glasses
are
on the table – stolda 10 ta ko’zoynak bor
2)
Ba’zi otlar -s qo’shimchasiga tugagan bo’lsada, sanalmaydigan otlar
hisoblanadi va doim birlikda qo’llanadi hamda o’zidan so’ng fe’llarning
birlik shaklini talab qiladi:
Athletics
Electronics
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Gymnastics Politics
Mathematics Economics
Physics
Gymnastics
is
my favourite sport – gimnastika mening sevimli fanim
Physics
is
an interesting subject – fizika qiziqarli fan
3)
Ba’zi otlar birlikda ham, ko’plikda ham -s qo’shimchasiga tugaydi. Faqat
birlikda ular oldidan noaniq artikllar qo’llanadi:
Singular:
Plural:
A
means - vosita
A
series - seriya, turkum
A
species - tur, zot
×
Means - vositalar
×
Series – seriyalar, turkumlar
×
Species – turlar, zotlar
The car
is a
means of transport –
mashina- transport vositasi
Cars
are
×
means of transport –
mashinalar- transport vositalari
4)
Yozish jihatdan birlikda, ma’no jihatdan ko’plikda bo’lgan otlar- Jamlovchi
otlar deyiladi.
Ularning deyarli hammasi, asosan, birlikda qo’llanadi:
Congress -
kengash
Committee -
komissiya
Organization -
tashkilot
Club -
klub, uyushma
Team -
komanda
Class -
sinf; turkum, to’da,
guruh
Army -
armiya
Crowd -
olamon, yig’in, to’da
Jury -
hakam
Public -
omma, jamoatchilik
Group -
gruppa
Staff -
shtat
Government -
hukumat
Audience -
jamoat, tomoshabin,
auditoriya
Family -
oila
Firm -
shirkat, firma
Majority -
ko’pchilik, aksariyat
Company -
jamiyat, uyushma;
truppa (teatrda)
Minority -
kamchilik, ozchilik
Couple –
bir juft
Faculty -
fakultet
For example:
Our family
is
big – bizning oilamiz katta
Our group
is
very friendly – bizning guruh ahil-inoq
NOTE 1: “Majority” yakka holda o’zidan so’ng birlikdagi otlarni talab
qiladi:
The majority
is
learning English now – hozir ko’pchilik ingliz tilini o’rganmoqda
The majority
has
English books now – hozir ko’pchilikda ingliz tili kitoblari bor
Ammo “majority” ko’plikdagi ot bilan kelsa, o’zidan so’ng fe’llarning
ko’plik shaklini talab qiladi:
The majority of students
have
English books now – hozir talabalarning ko’pchiligida
ingliz tili kitoblari bor
NOTE 2: “Police” jamlovchi oti doim ko’plikda qo’llanadi va o’zidan so’ng
fe’llarning ko’plik shaklini talab qiladi:
The police
are
here – bu yerda politsiya bor
The police
are
after him – politsiya uni ta’qib qilyapti
Mustasno holat: A
policeman,
a
policewoman,
a
police officer
5)
Masofani, vaqtni, mablag’ni, darajani bildirgan otlar ko’plikda bo’lsada,
ulardan so’ng doimo fe’llarning birlik shakli qo’llanadi:
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Twenty kilometre
s is
difficult to walk – 20 kilometr yurish uchun qiyin
Ten day
s
is
enough to have a good rest – yaxshi dam olish uchun 10 kun yetarli
Ten dollar
s
is
not enough to buy this book – kitob sotib olish uchun 10 dollar yetadi
Forty degree
s is
too hot to go out – 40 daraja tashqariga chiqish uchun juda- juda
issiq
To’dalar, guruhlar, sinflar, turlar
People:
A group of people –
odamlar jamoasi
A crowd of people –
odamlar to’dasi
A gang of thieves –
o’g’rilar to’dasi
Animals:
A flock of sheep / a herd of sheep –
qo’ylar to’dasi
A flock of birds –
qushlar galasi
A herd of cattle –
qoramollar to’dasi
A herd of deer –
bug’ular to’dasi
A school of fish –
baliqlar sinfi
A swarm of insect –
qumrisqalar to’dasi
A pack of dogs –
itlar galasi
A pack of wolves –
bo’rilar galasi
Things:
A pile of pages / a heap of pages –
bir uyum qog’oz
A pile of clothes / a heap of clothes –
bir uyum kiyim
A pile of dishes / a heap of dishes –
bir uyum idishlar
A set of pans –
qozon-tovoqlar
A set of tools –
bir uyum asbob-anjom
A stack of chairs –
bir talay stullar
A stack of tables –
bir talay stollar
A stack of boxes –
bir talay qutilar
Flora:
A bunch of flowers –
bir dasta gul
A bunch of bananas –
bir tup banan
A bunch of grapes –
bir bosh uzum
A bunch of greens –
bir bog’ ko’kat
A clump of trees –
bir tup daraxt
A clump of bushes –
bir tup buta
A clump of grass –
bit tup o’t-o’lan
A clump of plants –
bir tup o’simliklar
Languages:
A host of questions –
savollar jamlanmasi
A barrage of complains –
shikoyatlar jamlanmasi
Serics of short answers – qisqa
javoblar jamlanmasi
Mr. va Mrs.
A team of doctors –
shifokorlar jamoasi
A team of sportsmen –
sportchilar jamoasi
A company of actors –
aktyorlar jamoasi
The crew workers in the ship –
kemadagi jamoa
A company of people –
odamlar jamoasi
The stuff teachers in schools –
o’qituvchilar jamoasi
The stuff at the office –
ishchilar jamoasi
§.
Otlarda kelishik
Ingliz tilida otlarda 2 ta kelishik bor:
1) Nominative case- bosh kelishik
2) Genitive case- qaratqich kelishigi
1) Bosh kelishikdagi otlarga ko’plikdan boshqa qo’shimchalar qo’shilmaydi:
Singular:
Plural:
29
John
A
boy
A
teacher
-
Boy
s
Teacher
s
Bosh kelishikdagi otlar gapda
ega, kesim, ot- kesim, aniqlovchi, to’ldiruvchi, hol
vazifasida keladi:
John is here – Jon shu yerda
This is John – bu Jon
I saw John – men Jonni ko’rdim
This is a tennis ball – bu tennis koptogi
I went to the restaurant yesterday – kecha men restoranga bordim
2) Qaratqich kelishigida otlarga –‘s va -s’ (-ning) qoshimchasi qo’shiladi:
a)
Birlikdagi otlarga -‘s qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi:
Nominative case:
Genitive case:
John
A teacher
A
boy
My friend
John’
s
book – Jonning kitobi
A teacher’
s
answer – ustozning
javobi
A boy’
s
ball – bolaning koptogi
My friend
’s
invitation – do’stimning
ixtirosi
b) Ko’plikda otlarga -s’ qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi:
Nominative case:
Genitive case:
Boys
Teachers
My friends
Boy
s’
questions – bolalarning
savollari
Teacher
s’
answers – ustozning
javoblari
My friend
s’
invitation – do’stimning
ixtirolari
c) Tarkibi o’zgarib ko’plikda qo’llanadigan otlarga birlikdagi qaratqich
kelishigi qo’shimchasi (-‘s) qo’shiladi:
Singular:
Plural:
Examples:
A
man
A
woman
A
child
M
e
n
Wom
e
n
Child
ren
Men’
s
sport – erkaklar sporti
Women’
s
day – Ayollar kuni
Children’
s
toy – bolalar o’yinchog’i
Qaratqich kelishigi qoshimchalari ma’nosini inglizchada
“of ”
predlogi ham
ifodalay oladi.
Ular o’rtasidagi farq shuki, qaratqich kelishigi qo’shimchalari,
asosan, jonli narsalar uchun, “of ” predlogi esa jonsiz narsa- predmetlar uchun
qo’llaniladi:
Genitive case (-‘s, -s’)
Preposition “of ”
That man’
s
name is Jack – anavi
odamning ismi Jek
A bird’
s
nest – qushning ini
Nick’
s
book – Nikning kitobi
The door
of
the room – xonaning
eshigi
The page
of
the book – kitobning
varag’i
The leg
of
the table – stolning oyog’i
Ammo jonli otlar izohlovchi bilan kelsa, “of ” predlogi qo’llanadi:
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Do you know that man’
s
name? – anavi odamning ismini bilasizmi?
Do you know the name
of
that man
who is talking to Mary
? – Meri bilan
suhbatlashayotgan odamning ismini bilasizmi?
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