Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов

the classification based on the internal structure of 
phrases
, two groups can be singled out: kernel phrases and kernel-free phrases.
Kernel phrases are grammatically organized structures in which one 
element dominates the others. This element is not subordinated to any other 
element within the group, therefore it is the leading element, that is, the kernel of 
the given phrase (for example, 
a nice place, well-known artists, absolutely 
positive, to run fast, to see a movie, to taste good
).
According to the direction of dependencies, that is, the position of the 
dominating and subordinated elements relative of each other, all kernel phrases 
are divided into regressive and progressive (with the left and right position of 
dependent elements respectively).
Further types of regressive and progressive kernel phrases can be singled 
out according to what part of speech the head word belongs. The following types 
are differentiated: 
Regressive:
−
substantive (a good girl),
−
adjectival (absolutely clear), 
−
verbal (to fully understand), 
−
adverbial (very quickly). 
Progressive: 
-
substantive (a feeling of comfort), 
-
adjectival (independent of your decision), 
-
verbal (to read a book), 
-
prepositional (on the wall).
Kernel-free phrases are divided into dependent and independent, which are 
further subdivided into one-class and hetero-class and characterized by a certain 
type of syntactic connection.
Three types of syntactic connections can be singled out: coordination, 
subordination and accumulation.
Coordination: coordinate phrases consist of two or more syntactically 
equivalent units joined in a cluster which functions as a single unit. The member 
units can be potentially joined together by means of a coordinate conjunction.
Subordination: subordinate phrases
 
are structures in which one of the 
members is syntactically the leading element of the phrase. This dominating 
element is called the head-word, or the kernel, and can be expressed by different