constantly
—which is somewhat the
point. Each time you return your wandering mind to the details of your breath, you
heighten your executive functioning: how much control you have over your attention.
This eventually enables you to improve each measure of the quality of your attention.
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You’ll be able to focus for longer, your mind will wander less, and you’ll be able to work
with greater intention.
You experience this same benefit during hyperfocus. Like meditation, hyperfocus is a
practice that compounds upon itself
—the more you practice, the more you learn to
manage your attention and the longer you’re able to focus the next time around.
Meditation is simple
—sit somewhere with your eyes closed and pay attention to your
breath. It’s natural to feel as if you’re doing it wrong, especially at first, but don’t
overthink it. The effects of this simple practice are actually profound. One study
discovered that when participants developed a meditation practice, not only did their
minds wander less, but they could also focus for longer before that happened
—two
measures of the quality of attention. This study introduced meditation to students
studying for the GRE
—a standardized graduate admissions test in the United States.
When it came time for them to take the test, their scores rose an average of
16 percent
!
Meditation has also been shown to prevent “the deterioration of [working memory
capac
ity] during periods of high stress”—such as working in a chaotic environment or
dealing with personal concerns. One review of the literature on the subject described
meditation’s benefits most succinctly, calling it “the most validated technique for
minimi
zing the disruptive effects of mind wandering.”
My favorite study of meditation measured how much participants’ working memory
capacity increased when they had an active meditation practice. The researchers
guided participants through a forty-five-minute meditation exercise twice a week and
encouraged them to meditate at home. A few weeks later they discovered something
incredible in the working memory capacity of everyone who meditated: it increased by
an average of
more than 30 percent.
That was significantly more than that of two other
groups of subjects in the study, one of which practiced yoga for several weeks. This
effect was also observed after a period of just a few weeks.
To begin meditating requires just a few minutes each day. Start by determining your
resistance level, as you do before hyperfocusing on a task. Then sit in a chair, in a
comfortable but upright posture so the disks of your spine are stacked one on top of
another. Notice the qualities of your breath and refocus on them whenever your mind
wanders. I highly recommend using an app to get started
—I like Headspace and Insight
Timer, which both feature guided meditations to help you get started. Approach each
meditation session with a genuine curiosity about where your mind will wander. My
meditation rule is simple, and one I’ve stuck with for years: it doesn’t matter how long I
meditate, as long as I do so each day. Some days I can spare only a minute or two,
which is sufficient as long as I keep faithful to a routine. When I began a decade ago, I
did only five-minute sessions, and since then have slowly built to thirty minutes. I
wouldn’t give it up for anything.
When you practice being with your breath, you practice being with your life. But
meditation is not the only tool in this tool kit. Practicing mindfulness is another proven
way to increase the size of your attentional space. It’s similar to meditation but a little
less intimidating.
Mindfulness is about becoming conscious of what is filling your mind and noticing the
circumstances of the current moment. This includes noting anything you happen to be
perceiving, feeling, or thinking. Mindfulness differs from hyperfocus in one major
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respect: it’s about focusing on the circumstances of the present, rather than becoming
immersed in them.
Here’s a statement that might sound strange: you’ve never really taken a shower.
While you might stand there while the water washes over you, your mind is usually
elsewhere
—at the office, running through your daily checklist, thinking about what you
need to buy for dinner, or brainstorming about a problem you’re facing at work. While a
small part of it runs through the habit sequence of taking a shower, your mind isn’t with
you, p
resent with what you’re experiencing. A mindful shower is one in which you focus
on the sights, sounds, and sensations of the present, which enables you to train your
brain to better focus on what’s in front of you.
Begin to practice mindfulness by choosin
g one daily task that doesn’t consume your
complete attention
—sipping your morning coffee, walking through your office, or taking
a shower
—and intentionally be with that experience for a minute or two. Anchor your
attention to the circumstances of the present moment
—notice the smell, taste, and
feeling of a cup of coffee; the momentum shifts in your body as you walk from one room
in the office to another; or the temperature and sensations of taking a shower. You can
set a timer or not
—simply be with the circumstances of the present moment and notice
as much as you can about what you’re seeing, hearing, and feeling. When you find
yourself becoming lost in thought, bring your mind back to what you originally intended
to focus on
—and laugh at how difficult it can be to tame. Don’t be hard on yourself when
your mind wanders
—remember, your brain was built to do this.
Here’s the key: the smaller the object of attention, the more your mind will wander,
but the more you’ll expand the size of your attentional space as you focus on it. The
more quickly you’re able to get back on track after your mind ventures off during a
mindfulness or meditation session, the better you’ll become at focusing at work and at
home.
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Practices like meditation and mindfulness are also powerful because they train you to
practice holding a single intention in your mind for a given period of time. During your
meditation, you sit with the intention of being with your breath until your timer goes off.
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The same is true when you practice mindfulness: until the coffee cup is empty (or half
full), your shower is finished, or you’re done walking to where you intend to go, you
focus on what you’re doing then and there. When you keep a single intention in mind,
you’re able to live and work more intentionally for the rest of the day too. And because
both meditation and mindfulness increase the size of your attentional space, both
practices make you more likely to maintain intentions.
As if these benefits weren’t enough, meditation and mindfulness also help you step
back from your thoughts. This makes it infinitely easier to check what’s occupying your
attentional space. The more you notice what’s grasped your attention, the more quickly
you’ll be able to redirect it to your intention. With enough awareness, you might even
notice your mind has wandered to somewhere productive and you want to continue that
train of thought. For example, a higher working memory capacity means your mind is
more likely to make plans and set intentions for the future. With this extra awareness,
you gain the power to notice stray objects of attention at the edges of your attentional
space, such as when you’re seeking external stimulation or about to fall victim to a
seductive distraction.
The research is clear: mindfulness and meditation improve virtually every aspect of
how you manage your attention.
Every once in a while, I like to travel to a local Buddhist monastery to join a public
Saturday-afternoon meditation. This usually consists of a potluck and an hourlong
meditation session, followed by a talk given by one of the monks. During one of my
visits, a monk spoke about how for several weeks during his meditation practice he
focused solely on the sensation his breath made on the tip of his nose
—an impossibly
small object of attention. I tried doing the same during an extended two-hour meditation
practice the next day, and my mind has never wandered so much. With an object of
attention that small, it’s no surprise.
But the following Monday morning, I focused more deeply on my work than I had in
weeks. I wrote several thousand words in just a few hours, brainstormed three talks,
and had time left over to clear my email inboxes. The positive effects lingered beyond
that day, as I was able to focus better throughout the week. The quality of attention is so
integral to productivity that increasing it even slightly makes a remarkable difference in
how much we accomplish.
Luckily, you don’t have to spend hours focusing on the tip of your nose to experience
the remarkable benefits of mindfulness and meditation. Even only a few minutes a day
will help immensely. If you take away one lesson from this chapter, it should be that few
practices will improve the quality of your attention
—and the size of your attentional
space
—more than meditation and mindfulness. While both will consume some of your
time, you’ll make that time back, and then some, in how much more clearly, deeply, and
deliberately you’ll think and focus.
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