2021 ,
8
, 92
8 of 29
Table 3. Cont
.
Name Pesticide Class Chemical Structure Mode of Action Aldicarb
Carbamate
Bioengineering 2021 ,
8 , x FOR PEER REVIEW
8 of 29
Tefluthrin Pyrethroid
Interruption of functioning of the nervous system, inter-
fering with sodium channels.
Aldicarb Carbamate
Inhibition of cholinesterase prevents the breakdown of
acetylcholine in the synapse. It leads to respiratory fail-
ure.
λ
-cyhalothrin Pyrethroid
Interference with nerve signaling by inhibition of the
membrane sodium channel systems.
Permethrin Pyrethroid
Interference with sodium channels disrupts the function
of neurons and causes muscles to spasm, culminating in
paralysis and death.
Terbufos Organophosphate
Inactivation of acetylcholinesterase by phosphorylation
of the hydroxyl group of serine present at the active site
of the enzyme.
Chlorpyrifos Organophosphate
Disruption of nervous systems by inactivation of acetyl-
cholinesterase.
Methyl-parathion Organophosphate
Disruption of nervous systems by inactivation of acetyl-
cholinesterase.
Dimethoate Organophosphate
Disruption of nervous systems by inactivation of acetyl-
cholinesterase.
Carbofuran Carbamate
Disruption of nervous systems by inactivation of acetyl-
cholinesterase.
2.2.2. Herbicides
Herbicides are used to control and remove undesirable plants and weeds. These com-
pounds are mainly applied in agricultural soils, before or during farming to maximize
crop productivity. Herbicides are also used in forest management and in suburban and
urban areas.
Inhibition of cholinesterase prevents
the breakdown of acetylcholine in the
synapse. It leads to respiratory failure.
λ
-cyhalothrin
Pyrethroid
Bioengineering 2021 ,
8 , x FOR PEER REVIEW
8 of 29
Tefluthrin Pyrethroid
Interruption of functioning of the nervous system, inter-
fering with sodium channels.
Aldicarb Carbamate
Inhibition of cholinesterase prevents the breakdown of
acetylcholine in the synapse. It leads to respiratory fail-
ure.
λ
-cyhalothrin Pyrethroid
Interference with nerve signaling by inhibition of the
membrane sodium channel systems.
Permethrin Pyrethroid
Interference with sodium channels disrupts the function
of neurons and causes muscles to spasm, culminating in
paralysis and death.
Terbufos Organophosphate
Inactivation of acetylcholinesterase by phosphorylation
of the hydroxyl group of serine present at the active site
of the enzyme.
Chlorpyrifos Organophosphate
Disruption of nervous systems by inactivation of acetyl-
cholinesterase.
Methyl-parathion Organophosphate
Disruption of nervous systems by inactivation of acetyl-
cholinesterase.
Dimethoate Organophosphate
Disruption of nervous systems by inactivation of acetyl-
cholinesterase.
Carbofuran Carbamate
Disruption of nervous systems by inactivation of acetyl-
cholinesterase.
2.2.2. Herbicides
Herbicides are used to control and remove undesirable plants and weeds. These com-
pounds are mainly applied in agricultural soils, before or during farming to maximize
crop productivity. Herbicides are also used in forest management and in suburban and
urban areas.
Interference with nerve signaling by
inhibition of the membrane sodium
channel systems.
Permethrin
Pyrethroid
Bioengineering 2021 ,
8 , x FOR PEER REVIEW
8 of 29
Tefluthrin Pyrethroid
Interruption of functioning of the nervous system, inter-
fering with sodium channels.
Aldicarb Carbamate
Inhibition of cholinesterase prevents the breakdown of
acetylcholine in the synapse. It leads to respiratory fail-
ure.
λ
-cyhalothrin Pyrethroid
Interference with nerve signaling by inhibition of the
membrane sodium channel systems.
Permethrin Pyrethroid
Interference with sodium channels disrupts the function
of neurons and causes muscles to spasm, culminating in
paralysis and death.
Terbufos Organophosphate
Inactivation of acetylcholinesterase by phosphorylation
of the hydroxyl group of serine present at the active site
of the enzyme.
Chlorpyrifos Organophosphate
Disruption of nervous systems by inactivation of acetyl-
cholinesterase.
Methyl-parathion Organophosphate
Disruption of nervous systems by inactivation of acetyl-
cholinesterase.
Dimethoate Organophosphate
Disruption of nervous systems by inactivation of acetyl-
cholinesterase.
Carbofuran Carbamate
Disruption of nervous systems by inactivation of acetyl-
cholinesterase.
2.2.2. Herbicides
Herbicides are used to control and remove undesirable plants and weeds. These com-
pounds are mainly applied in agricultural soils, before or during farming to maximize
crop productivity. Herbicides are also used in forest management and in suburban and
urban areas.
Interference with sodium channels
disrupts the function of neurons and
causes muscles to spasm, culminating
in paralysis and death.
Terbufos
Organophosphate
