British Museum Papyrus
1912, taken from Lewis, N. & Reinhold, M. (eds),
Roman Civilization: selected readings
Vol. 2 (New York: Harper & Row, 3rd
edn, 1990), pp. 285–8.
37. Bowman, A.K.,
The Town Councils of Roman Egypt
(Toronto: Hakkert,
1971).
38. Hanson, W.S., ‘Administration, urbanisation and acculturation in the Roman
West’, in Braund,
Administration
, pp. 53–68.
39. Wells, P.S.,
The Barbarians Speak: how the conquered peoples shaped Roman
Europe
(Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press, 1999), pp. 114–21.
40. Ibid., pp. 95–8.
41. Lintott,
Imperium Romanum
, pp. 129–30; on Gaul, Woolf, G.,
Becoming
Roman: the origins of provincial civilization in Gaul
(Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1998), pp. 106–41; on Britain, Millett, M.,
The Romanization
of Britain: an essay in archaeological interpretation
(Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1990), pp. 65–126; on Spain, Curchin, L.A.,
The Romanization
of Central Spain: complexity, diversity and change in a provincial hinterland
(London & New York: Routledge, 2004), pp. 69–95.
42. Generally on the ancient ideology of urbanism, Ramage, E.S.,
Urbanitas:
ancient sophistication and refinement
(Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma
Press, 1973).
43. Cf. Woolf,
Becoming Roman
, pp. 71–2; Lintott,
Imperium Romanum
,
pp. 132–45.
44. On modern views of cities as dynamic and civilising agents, see Williams, R.,
The Country and the City
(London: Hogarth Press, 1973), and Holton, R.J.,
Cities, Capitalism and Civilization
(London: Allen & Unwin, 1986).
45. See for example Finley, M.I., ‘The ancient city: from Fustel de Coulanges to
Max Weber and beyond’, in
Economy and Society in Ancient Greece
(London:
Chatto & Windus, 1981), pp. 3–23; Rich, J. & Wallace-Hadrill, A., (eds),
City
and Country in the Ancient World
(New York & London: Routledge, 1991).
46. See the papers by P. Abrams in Abrams, P. & Wrigley, E.A., (eds),
Towns in
Societies: essays in economic history and historical sociology
(Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1978); Castells, M., ‘Theory and ideology in
urban sociology’, in Pickvance, C.G. (ed.),
Urban Sociology: critical essays
(London: Tavistock, 1976), pp. 60–84.
47. This approach draws on the ideas of Eisenstadt, S.N. & Shachar, A.,
Society,
Culture and Urbanization
(Newbury Park CA: Sage, 1987) and Mann,
M.,
The Sources of Social Power, Volume I: a history of power from the
beginning to A.D. 1760
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). It
is developed in more detail for the specific case of Republican Italy in Morley,
N., ‘Urbanisation and development in Italy in the late Republic’, in Northwood
S. & de Ligt, L. (eds),
People, Land and Politics: demographic developments
and the transformation of Roman Italy, 300 BC – AD 14
(Leiden: Brill, 2008),
pp. 121–37.
48. Morley, N., ‘Cities in context: urban systems in Roman Italy’, in Parkins, H.
(ed.),
The Roman City: beyond the consumer model
(London & New York:
Routledge, 1997), pp. 42–58.
49. cf. Habinek, T.,
The Politics of Latin Literature: writing, identity and empire
in ancient Rome
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), pp. 34–68.
50. Hingley, R., ‘Resistance and domination: social change in Roman Britain’, in
Mattingly (ed.),
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