Civilization a civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements



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Some Key Concepts and Definitions



Some Key Concepts and Definitions
 
Civilization 
A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of people share a variety of 
common elements
. Historians have identified a number of basic characteristics, including the 
following: 1. An urban focus 2. New political and military structures 3. A new social structure 
based on economic power. 4. The development of more complexity in a material sense 5. A 
distinct religious structure 6. The development of writing 7. New forms of significant artistic 
and intellectual activity. 
Culture 
‘Culture’ is not easily defined, not least because it can have different meanings in different 
contexts. However, the concept that lies at the core of cultural studies, it may be suggested, is 
very much the concept that is found in cultural anthropology. As such, it avoids any exclusive 
concern with ‘high’ culture. It entails recognition that all human beings live in a w
orld that is 
created by human beings, and in which they find meaning. Culture is the complex everyday 
world we all encounter and through which we all move. Culture begins at the point at which 
humans surpass whatever is simply given in their natural inheritance. 
Counterculture 
The term ‘counterculture’ was coined in the 1960s, largely in response to the emergence of 
middle-class youth movements (such as the hippies), to refer to groups that questioned the 
values of the dominant culture. While centering on an opposition to the Vietnam War, the 
hippie counterculture also expressed its dissatisfaction with the values and goals of capitalism, 
such as consumerism, the work ethic and a dependence on technology. In general, the concept 
of counterculture may now be extended to the values, beliefs and attitudes of any minority 
group that opposes the dominant culture, but more precisely, does so in a relatively articulate 
and reflective manner. Thus, at its emergence, the Christian religion was a counterculture, in 
opposition to the dominant Jewish and Roman cultures. In the early period of British 
capitalism, the Quakers and the Methodists represented countercultures in opposition to the 
dominant values of Anglicanism.

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