Civilization a civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements

Marxism 
Marxism refers to those schools of social, economic, political and philosophical inquiry that 
derive their approach from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The interpretations 
and developments of Marx’s work are extremely diverse. They share an approach to the 
analysis of society that gives primacy to economic activity, although key debates within 
Marxism centre on the degree to which the economic base determines the nature and structure 
of the rest of society. Societies are understood as being structured according to the exploitation 
of subordinate classes by a dominant class. Historical change is therefore typically analysed in 
terms of developments within the economic base, that are manifest as class conflict and 
revolution. As a political philosophy, Marxism remains committed to the realisation of a non-
exploitative society (communism), typically through the liberation of the proletariat, the 
subordinate class within capitalism.
Liberalism 
A key term within political philosophy, the word ‘liberalism’ is associated with a large number 
of thinkers (including Locke, Adam Smith,Malthus, Condorcet, J.S. Mill, Rawls and, more 
recently, Richard Rorty). The origins of liberalism can be traced back at least as far as the 
writings of John Locke (1632
–1704). Indeed, Locke’s work exhibits many of the key features 
that have subsequently been used to define liberalism.
Hegemony 
The term ‘hegemony’ is derived from t
he Greek hegemon, meaning leader, guide or ruler. In 
general usage it refers to the rule or influence of one country over others, and to a principle 
about which a group of elements are organised. In twentieth-century Marxism, it has been 
developed by the Italian theorist Antonio Gramsci (1891
–
1937) to explain the control of the 
dominant class in contemporary capitalism.