74
Satellite Network Architectures
transponder). The dedicated digital bandwidth approach, therefore, is popular for
providing many TV channels and the associated sound programming.
One potential difficulty with dedicated bandwidth is that it may require a great
deal of planning effort to ensure that the capacity is allocated as efficiently as
possible. The network operator must assess: (1) the quantity of individual channels
of communication (64 kbps or digital video), and (2) where they are to be provided.
The second point means that the Earth stations must be equipped with the proper
equipment to land their respective carriers and demultiplex the individual informa-
tion streams. A way around part of that problem is to use dynamic bandwidth
allocation, also referred to as statistical multiplexing, to adjust individual usage of
channels to near-instantaneous need. As illustrated in Figure 3.5, statistical multi-
plex reduces the total peak capacity by using bandwidth that otherwise would
have been wasted. Channels 1, 2, and 3 on the left have maximum bandwidth
requirements over time with A, B, and C, respectively. Using dedicated bandwidth,
the combined channel on the right would require the maximum value of A, B, and
C. With statistical multiplexing, the maximum instantaneous bandwidth is
⌺
, less
than what would have been required by adding the three maxima.
There are two ways to apply dynamic bandwidth allocation: time slot reassign-
ment (TSR) and packet switching. In TSR, the fixed total channel capacity of a
given link is divided into fixed time slots each corresponding, for example, to an
8-bit byte of capacity. A standard 64-kbps telephone channel requires 1 byte to
be transmitted in each 125-
s time frame. Other types of applications require a
different quantity of bytes to be transmitted within that interval. The key behind
TSR is that the time slots are assigned to individual users as they need them and
not on a dedicated basis. One might say that is not dedicated bandwidth because
of the dynamic nature of allocation. However, the reason it remains in that category
is that the satellite link has a fixed total bandwidth.
Packet switching, covered in more detail in Section 3.1.3, also can be used to
add dynamic bandwidth allocation to an otherwise dedicated bandwidth link. The
Internet Protocol is a commonly applied packet switching scheme. Instead of fixed
bytes of capacity, the packet approach transfers the user data to the link as it
arrives at the point of access. Temporary storage called buffering is required to
adjust for differing arrival rates of different user information. Variable-length
packets are used by standard protocols like TCP/IP and Frame Relay. A fixed-length
packet, called a cell, can offer dedicated bandwidth or on-demand connection, as
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: