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353
Summary and Conclusions
Yoel Mansfeld and Abraham Pizam
What are the lessons that we have learned from the theoretical chapters and the
case studies described in this book? By now it is possible to conclude that:
■
Safety and security incidents will continue to occur at tourist destinations regard-
less of the efforts made by the private and public sector to prevent them. Since the
majority of safety and security incidents, be they natural (such as hurricanes, tor-
nadoes, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc.), man-made (such as crime, terrorism,
war, etc.), or health hazards, are caused by factors outside the control of tourists
destinations, it is practically impossible to totally eradicate them.
■
An absolute majority of safety and security incidents occurring at tourist destina-
tions will have some degree of negative impact on affected destinations and their
tourism industry, though the severity of the impact is not uniform and is influenced
by numerous factors.
■
Though it is impossible to totally prevent the occurrence of safety and security inci-
dents, destinations can prepare themselves for the occurrence of such incidents
through crisis planning and thus reduce their negative impacts on the community,
its economy, the tourism industry, and the tourists themselves.
■
The private sector (i.e., the tourism industry) bears the major responsibility for pre-
venting or reducing the number of safety and security incidents occurring on their
own properties. The public sector and, most importantly, governments of host des-
tinations, bear the major responsibility for ensuring a high level of security for vis-
iting tourists.
■
There are presently numerous available methods—both hardware and policies—for
preventing and/or reducing the number of safety and security incidents at tourist
destinations, though their level of effectiveness varies widely.
■
Generally speaking, the most effective way to prevent and/or reduce the number of
safety and security incidents occurring at tourist destinations is by strong coopera-
tion between the tourism industry, the local community, governmental authorities,
and the tourists themselves.
■
Despite the severe and devastating impacts that some safety and security incidents
have on affected destinations, with few exceptions—such as total and continuous
warfare—it is actually possible to fully recover from these impacts. The pace of
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354
recovery will be rapid if there is a strong, latent demand for a tourist product, even
though it might mean waiting until the security situation in the affected destination
is over before being able to fully utilize that tourist product.
■
To recover completely from severe and recurring safety and security incidents,
tourism enterprises need the full technical, financial, and moral support of the
local, regional, and national public sectors.
■
The negative impacts of tourism security and safety incidents cannot usually be
confined to the geographical area where they occur and usually spills over well
beyond the location of the incident. In order to avoid this unnecessary damage there
is a need to convey geographical messages defining the spatial dimensions of the
affected area.
■
Tourists need to be constantly educated about the safety and security hazards pres-
ent during their trips and given practical tips to avoid them. They should be made
to understand that in numerous instances they themselves through their own actions
bear part of the responsibility for incidents of safety and security affecting them.
■
The media and travel advisories issued by governments in generating markets play
a major role in the formation of the image of a tourist destination following one or
several incidents of safety and security. Therefore, to fully recover from such inci-
dents, destination decision makers have to work closely with the media and gov-
ernments of generating markets to reduce panic and bring back normalcy.
Above all it is possible to conclude that with each additional unfortunate safety
and security incident occurring at a tourist destination, our knowledge base
increases. Thus, as students and researchers of tourism safety and security it is our
duty to continue to collect the data, process, and analyze it, so that we may draw
the proper lessons and use them for reducing the occurrence of such incidents and
mitigating their impacts.
Summary and Conclusions
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355
Index
A
Acceptable Risk Threshold (ART) 15, 282,
283, 286, 287
Activity guides 157
Adventure experience 155, 157, 158, 159, 167
Adventure tourism 139, 140, 153-168, 213,
216, 227, 264
Adventure tourists 154, 155, 156, 158, 159,
167
Advertising 18, 71, 72, 76, 98, 123, 148, 174,
177, 216, 230, 233, 236-239, 241, 242,
244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 274, 301, 302
Advertising campaign 148, 241, 242, 246
Aggravated assault 101, 112
AIDS 64, 99, 141, 188, 189, 193, 194, 206,
252, 264, 266, 288
All-inclusive resorts 19, 84, 110
Allocentric tourist 45, 47
Anthrax 297, 302, 305, 309
Armed bandits 140, 192
Armed robbery 128, 133, 135
Arousal 154
Association of South East Asian Nations
(ASEAN) 204, 253, 255, 256, 260,
263, 265, 266, 267, 268
Australia 24, 64, 68, 70, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79,
82, 102, 141, 153-168, 190, 191, 196,
199, 201, 203, 206, 210, 212, 213, 214,
216, 217, 218, 220, 225, 226, 227, 248,
252, 253, 258, 261, 263, 265, 268, 269
Authentic experience 127, 135
Auto-theft 108
B
Badness 128
Bali 14, 42, 43, 173, 191, 252-269
Bird flu (avian influenza) 141, 145, 149,
150, 188, 193
Blockbuster event 149
Bombings 40, 42, 191, 269
Burglary 90, 94, 101, 107, 108, 111, 112, 122
Business trip 122
C
Campaign messages 235, 236
Canada 68, 118, 135, 139, 140, 144, 145,
146, 166, 190, 191, 206, 210, 218, 225,
252, 255
Cancellations 7, 60, 71, 76, 146, 179, 198,
199, 278, 287
Caribbean 87-104, 107, 107, 111, 112, 123,
136, 206, 293, 342.
Casablanca 42
Catastrophic events 144
China 124, 140, 141, 145, 146, 150, 151,
187-208, 252, 255, 256, 267, 268, 340
Chinese disease 147
Choice of destination 171, 172
Cholera 141, 189, 193, 252, 266
City of Inspiration 301, 302, 310
Civil unrest 1, 13, 29, 30, 336
Civilian targets 191
CNN 236, 255, 257, 260, 268
Cocaine 89, 92, 94, 95, 96, 99, 101
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Coherent crisis management 319, 326, 332
Collaborative victimization 133
Collisions with animals 210
Commercial adventure tourism 139, 140,
153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 161, 162, 163,
164, 165, 167
Commitment to destinations 338, 339
Common risk factors 156
Communication management 272,
Community 1, 2, 6, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 19,
20, 21, 23, 24, 73, 99, 106, 164, 175,
176, 188, 196, 301, 305, 306, 307, 339,
345
Contextual weakness 125, 132,
Coolness 128
Counterfeit currency 192
Coup d’etat 4, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75,
77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82
Crime 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44,
45, 48, 64, 82, 83-85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92,
93, 94, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105-111,
112, 113, 117, 120, 121, 123, 124, 187,
188, 189, 191, 191, 205, 207, 210, 215,
216, 225, 226, 227, 233, 234, 238, 239,
241, 245, 248, 249, 262, 273, 288, 289,
290, 310, 311, 333, 334, 336, 339, 351,
352, 353
Crime prevalence 109
Crime prevention 11, 19, 20, 23, 24,
Crime rates 2, 19, 20, 24, 89, 91, 98, 104,
108, 109, 110, 234,
Crime season 108
Crime statistics 103
Crime-related incidents 3, 4
Criminal justice system 99, 136
Criminals 13, 16, 19, 39, 94, 103, 106, 108
Crimogenic 99
Crisis communication 31, 248, 257, 270,
286, 289
Crisis communication strategies 270
Crisis management practices 231, 292,
313-333
Crisis management tactics 332
Crisis Management Team 68, 80, 345
Crisis Recovery Strategy 66
Critical incident 224, 225
Croatia 273, 336, 339, 345, 346, 347, 348,
349, 351
Cruise 17, 45, 95, 98, 107, 123, 255, 293,
295
Cumbria 140, 170, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179,
180, 181, 182, 184, 186
Cyprus 206, 279, 289, 392, 352, 348
D
Damage control 8, 75, 144, 151
Decision to travel 84, 110, 113, 115, 121, 123
Destination behavior 9, 18
Destination image 8, 10, 66, 185, 187, 188,
189, 233, 235, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245,
247, 249, 274, 287, 344, 345, 351, 352
Destination Image Crisis 237, 247
Destination image management 233
Destination Management Organizations
(DMO) 12, 18, 21,
Destination marketing 233, 234, 235, 240,
247, 255, 267, 303, 352
Destination promotion 234
Destination-specific marketing strategy 22
Disaster preparation plans 150
Disaster reduction and mitigation 140, 150
Discriminatory pricing 63, 190
Domestic tourists 11, 20, 112, 319, 321,
323, 324, 325, 328, 329, 332
Drag 132
Drive-by shootings 96
Drug offenses 91, 92
Drug trafficking 87, 98, 101,
Drugs 85, 89, 91, 92, 93, 95, 101, 102, 103,
104, 128, 131, 134, 193,
Drug-trade 89, 92, 94, 104
Due diligence 154
E
Economic crimes 108, 189, 192
Economic impact 96, 176, 201, 299, 352
Egypt 23, 30, 237, 249, 274, 277, 278, 279,
290, 295, 310, 333, 339, 341, 352
Elements of adventure 156,
Enclavism 99
England 36, 140, 170, 175, 184, 288
Escapist activity 134
Excitement 153, 154
Extreme Events 143, 145, 152
F
Fear of crime 23, 24, 25, 98, 106, 108, 206,
288
Felons 91, 94, 97, 137
Fiji 4, 31, 67-82, 279, 288
Financial costs 107
Floods 195, 198, 205, 207, 233, 293, 336, 353
Florida 25, 95, 107, 108, 109, 123, 124,
129, 137, 147, 210, 212, 225, 227, 249,
290, 341
Food safety 187, 207, 293
Index
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Foot and mouth disease 140, 145, 169, 173,
175, 176, 180, 181, 184, 186, 239, 242,
289, 293
Foreign exchange earnings 49, 67, 197
French Quarter 109, 125, 126, 127, 129,
130, 131, 132
Friends and relatives 10, 15
Future travel plans 106
G
Gangs 94,
Gang-warfare 90, 96
Ganja 92, 94, 95
Geographical location 114, 117, 183
Getting over 128
Global terrorism 146, 188, 191
Globalization 26, 45, 48, 80, 87, 88, 89,
92, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 172, 173,
182, 290
Government involvement 150
Grampian 140, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177,
178, 179, 180, 181, 182
Grand larceny 111, 122
Greece 109, 342
Guardianship 108, 126
H
Habitual crises 162
Harassment 23, 91, 98, 99, 103, 140, 192,
222, 295
Hazardous circumstances 158
Hazards 140, 141, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157,
159, 162, 167, 188, 189, 193, 195, 273,
293, 350, 353, 354
Health and safety legislation 160
Health hazards 141, 188, 189, 193, 353
Hedonistic desires 134
Hepatitis 141, 189, 193
HIV 99, 141, 188, 189, 193, 194, 206, 288
Holiday 23, 24, 25, 71, 74, 98, 111, 148,
152, 169, 170, 171, 172, 183, 184, 185,
206, 211, 212, 215, 264, 282, 283, 287,
288, 335, 336, 339, 341, 344, 346, 377
Homicide 89, 107
Hong Kong 109, 145, 190, 194, 197, 206,
207, 252, 266, 289
Hospitality crisis 312, 318, 320, 321, 324,
325, 327, 329, 331, 332
Hot spot 98, 107, 108, 126, 130, 135,
Hotel room 111, 113, 114, 119, 122, 132,
133, 134, 149, 150
Human resources 16, 19, 231, 295, 318
I
Illicit action 85, 128, 132, 134,
Illnesses from animal bites 211
Image management 11, 18, 233, 235
Impact on governments of generating
markets 8
Impact on host governments 8, 17
Impact on the tourism industry 6, 7, 16,
31, 140
Indonesia 173, 214, 215, 251, 253, 254, 256,
260, 261
Induced image 171, 273, 344, 345, 350
Industry accreditation 153, 160, 161
Industry Coordinated Response 298
Industry standards 153, 160, 163, 164
Injury 51, 54, 65, 106, 132, 153, 154, 155,
156, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166,
167, 168, 192, 210, 211, 212, 214, 225,
226, 257, 268, 336
Injury rates 156
Insect bites 211
Insurance 17, 71, 98, 101, 153, 155, 160,
161, 162, 163, 167, 168, 256, 267, 276,
279, 339
Intention to travel 7, 106, 114
International Air Transport Association
(IATA) 252
International tourists 17, 20, 24, 52, 53,
112, 150, 218, 226, 227, 278, 293, 295
Investment 84, 88, 93, 99, 101, 150, 177,
200, 261, 303, 346
Island tourism 89, 104
Israel 34, 41, 42, 49-65, 237, 239, 242,
243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 273, 274, 278,
312-333