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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 
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strongly patriotic character from the Balkan Wars to the War of Independence
6
. For 
example, on 21 August 1920 and days only after the signature of the Treaty of 
Sèvres (10 August 1920) and at a time when the resistance had been already formed 
in Anatolia Nazım Hikmet responded with the publication of a poem which 
stigmatised the injustice done to the glorious empire and ended with a clear call for 
retribution
7
. Nazım Hikmet is nonetheless not listed among the Millî Edebiyatçılar 
because of his subsequent political choices which took him to Communism
8
. Nor is 
Mehmet Akif Ersoy, whose İstiklâl Marşı
9
written in 1921 was later chosen to 
become the National Anthem of the Republic in this case because of his strong 
support for Islamism.
Apart from a certain acceptability in political outlook (which did not exclude 
political opposition in the case of Halide Edip and to an extent in the case of Yakup 
Kadri) the authors categorised as Kurtuluş Edebiyatçılar were on the whole already 
established writers, who had successfully been engaged in many different literary 
genres and had already contributed to the formation of Modern Turkish literature
10
. 
With few exceptions, most of the Kurtuluş authors were born and bred in Istanbul. 
Recognition of their position in the canon goes back to contemporary histories of 
Turkish literature. The most prominent works in the list of the Kurtuluş Edebiyatı of 
that period are the works of Halide Edip Adıvar (b. Istanbul 1884-1964), Reşat Nuri 
6
Köroğlu 2007, 46- 
7
Hikmet 2008, 1935. 
Kırk Haramilerin Esiri
(Captive of Forty Thieves), explicitly addressed to the youth. 
8
Kurdakul III, 72, 75-78: Nazım Hikmet’s 
Kırk Haramilerin Esiri 
is included as well as extracts from 
Kuvâyi 
Milliye
which was composed while the poet was in jail between 1938 and 1941

9
Kurdakul I, 172 
10
For example see Ertaylan, Sevük, Ünaydın 

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