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Management Accounting
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Dependent variable
is the single variable is being explained/predicted by regression model.
Independent variable
is the explanatory variable used to predict dependent variable.
Estimating line of best fit:
The line of best fit is a cost equation and is of the form:
Y = a + bx
Where,
a = total fixed cost,
b = gradient/slope of line or variable cost per unit
Regression analysis uses following formulas for estimating line of best fit:
Where n is the number of data pairs used in analysis.
Regression line and time series analysis:
Regression line can also be used in time series analysis.
Time to be taken as independent variable and years to be replaced with 0,1,2,3
and so on correlation
coefficient is calculated.
The reliability of regression model in forecasting
As is the case with any other model, results from regression analysis will not be accurate or reliable.
There are a number of limitations of this model which cast doubt on its results:
▪ This model assumes that there exists a linear relationship but this is not always true, there might
be a non-linear relationship. The model is only appropriate if there is a linear relationship between
two variables.
▪ The model assumes that that there are only two variables. Value of one variable, the dependent
variable Y, is predicted from value
of one other variable, the independent variable X. This is quite
unrealistic as the value of Y might be affected by many other factors not considered at all.
▪ Past behavior is used to forecast future. The model assumes that past movement pattern of two
variables will continue in the future. Again, this is an unrealistic assumption.
▪ Linear regression model is limited to predicting numeric output only. It cannot be used to predict
any other sort of information.
▪ A lack of explanation about what has been learned can be a problem. Prediction of a figure not
that is all desired.
▪ The model is only appropriate if used to predict value of dependent variable within relevant range.
Predicted results are not reliable if model is used for extrapolation.
▪ Interpolation means using a line of best fit to predict a value within the two extreme points of the
observed range.
▪ Extrapolation means using a line of best fit to predict a value outside the two extreme points.
▪ There must be sufficient number of data pairs. Even if correlation is high between two variables
and have less than ten pairs of data any forecast value should be regarded as somewhat
unreliable.
F2 Management Accounting
Page 102 of 147
We can still use the forecast produced by the model with high confidence
if correlation coefficient
between two variables is high. Coefficient of determination tells us that how much of the variation in
cost can be explained by volume level. Higher the coefficient of determination the higher the reliance
that could be placed on predicted result.
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