5.2.2. Massive MIMO Massive MIMO is a promising technology that consists
of a large number of controllable antenna arrays. It is
supported by 3GPP in Rel-15 for 5G NR. 5G will exploit
full benefits of MIMO by leveraging the uncorrelated and
distributed spatial location of cellular-connected UAVs, as
well as ground users. Massive MIMO enhances the signal
strength, where multiple data streams can include unique
phase and weights to the waveforms to be constructively
generated at the UAV receiver [
82
,
83
]. It minimizes the
interference to other cellular-connected UAV receivers.
The work [
82
] presents an evaluation of a massive
MIMO system for cellular-connected UAVs. It demonstrates
that, massive MIMO assists in harmonious coexistence of
cellular-connected UAVs with ground users, supports large
uplink data rates and results in consistent CNPC link be-
haviour. The test uses 20 MHz bandwidth in sub-6GHz li-
censed spectrum operating in TDD mode. Massive MIMO-
enabled systems are useful to restrict the impact of interfer-
ence to the existing terrestrial users. Such system requires
frequent and accurate CSI updates.
5.2.3. Millimeter-wave communications Millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum has been exten-
sively investigated in UAV cellular communication that
offers high bandwidth services using frequency spectrum
above 28 GHz. The channel between cellular-connected
UAVs and ground BS is typical LoS dominant and mmWave
having high bandwidth are favourable for communications.
However, the mmWave signals are affected by any kind of
blockage, which poses several implementation challenges.
Therefore, efficient beamforming and tracking are needed
for cellular-connected UAV operation.
The work [
84
] presents a simulated study to showcase
the feasibility of using 28 GHz 5G link for public safety
use case. The results claim that, it is feasible to achieve 1
Gbps throughput with sub ms latency using mmWave links
when the grounds base station is situated close to the mission
area. In [
85
], the authors conducted an analysis on the air-
to-ground channel propagation for two different mmWave
bands at 28 GHz and 60 GHz using ray tracing simulations.
During experiment, the UAV speed was kept at 15 m/s and
limited to a flight distance of 2 km. A total of four scenarios
are validated such as urban, sub-urban, rural and over-sea. It
is observed that, received signal strength (RSS) follows the
two ray propagation model as per UAV flight path at higher
altitudes. This two-ray propagation model is impacted in ur-
ban scenario due to high rise scattering obstacles.