1.2. Structure and content of the work
The story "Der Sandmann" by ETA Hoffmann was published in 1816 in the
first part of the story cycle "Night Pieces". Hoffmann takes the reader into
the world of the student Nathanaels, who is in contact with his friend
Lothar through letters. In one of these letters, Nathanael tells him about
Coppola, the weatherglass dealer. This is actually the devilish lawyer
Coppelius, a friend of his father who is to blame for his death. As a child,
Nathanael saw Coppola as the sandman who, as the story goes in a
horrifying children's fairy tale, throws sand in children's eyes until they fall
out. He sees in Coppola an "evil principle"
2
who wants to destroy his
happiness in love with his fiancée Clara. Clara sees this as a "phantom of
her own self" and, with her belief in the good, can awaken Nathanael's
powers of resistance. To prove that he has overcome his fear, he buys a
perspective from Coppola, but through which, when he sees through it
for the first time, he shows the automaton-man Olimpia. He then forgets
about Clara, but when he learns through an argument between Coppola
and one of his associates that Olimpia is just a "lifeless doll", he goes
insane. Clara nurses him back to health, but when he climbs a tower with
her and looks again through the perspective, he goes insane again, tries
to push Clara off the tower and then falls down himself. Sigmund Freud
analyzes the "
.
Also included are:
The Jesuit Church in G., Ignaz Denner, The Sanctus. A second part
of the night pieces with the stories followed in 1817
the desolate house,
2
Günter Sass:
The Sandman. Communicative isolation and narcissistic self-
absorption
. In: Günter Saße (ed.):
ETA Hoffman. novels and stories
. Reclam,
Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-15-017526-7, pp. 96-116 (
Reclam's Universal Library
17526,
interpretations
).
The Majorat, The VowandThe stone heart. The Sandmanoffers many
interpretations and is one of the author's most important works, so that the
afterword of the Reclam edition should be quoted here: "[...] that the number of
interpretations in recent years has reached such an extent that the interpretation
of the sandman like appears to be a special discipline in literary studies, in which
representatives of all methodological tendencies participate.”
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Nathanael (the gift of God or gift
God): narcissistic protagonist whose name alludes to life (birth = Natal)
and death (Thanatos = Greek god of death).
Clara (the clear): Nathanael's fiancée with a calm, level-headed, yet cheerful
disposition.
Coppelius: frightening, large and bulky fellow who spoils the joy of life for
Nathanael and his siblings in their childhood. He turns up at Nathanael's in
the evening and leads with him
Father conducted alchemical experiments. The name, which comes
from Latin, can be translated as "cup" or "eye socket" or "melting pot",
which combines some allusions to the content of the story.
Coppola: Italian merchant in whom Nathanael recognizes Coppelius. He
sells Nathanael a perspective. His name is the Italian form of the name
"Coppelius" and is to be translated in the following as well.
Olimpia ("who comes from Olympus"; a mockery of the Classical period): "daughter" of
Nathanael's professor, who later turns out to be an automaton (wooden doll) and is a
reason for Nathanael's madness.
Siegmund (protection): tries as a friend to protect Nathanael from
misfortune.
Lothar: Clara's brother and friend of Nathanael.
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Spallanzani (another spelling for Spallanzani, an Italian natural scientist
who dealt with artificial insemination, among other things): Nathanael's
professor, who spends Olimpia as his daughter.
Nathanael's father: carries out alchemical experiments with Coppelius during
Nathanael's childhood and dies in the process.
Nathanael's mother: uses the Sandman's Tale to put Nathanael to
sleep; she herself abhors fairy tales.
Nurse/nanny: tells the story of the Sandman, which is the origin of
Nathanael's fear of the Sandman.
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The student Nathanael tells his friend Lothar in a letter that he has met
the lawyer Coppelius again in the person of Coppola, the weather-glass
dealer. During Nathanael's childhood, he had carried out alchemical
experiments with his father, which ultimately led to his father's death.
Coppelius is linked to Nathanael's childhood trauma, which is why he sees
him as the Sandman, a monster that rips out children's eyes.
In his confusion, Nathanael does not address the letter to Lothar, but to his
fiancée Clara, who in a reply letter advises him to curb his imagination, since
the Sandman is just a figment of his subconscious and Coppola's
resemblance to Coppelius is purely coincidental.
In another letter to Lothar, Nathanael asks him to stop talking to Clara
about his problems. He also tells him that he was wrong about Coppola's
identity and that it is probably not Coppelius, since an Italian professor
with a pronounced accent assured him that he had known Coppola for
years and that Coppelius was a German. He also tells him about this same
Spalanzani, an Italian physicist and lecturer at the university where he
studies, and about his often imprisoned "daughter" Olimpia, whom he
finds strange but not unsympathetic, however
initially had no further meaning for him. At the end of the letter, the reader learns
that Nathanael is going to visit Lothar and Clara in order to distance himself from
the unpleasant encounter with Coppola.
After the three introductory letters, the narrator speaks directly to the
reader: He tells him that Lothar is a friend of his and that is how he found
out about Nathanael's fate. He gives various ways he could have started
the story, but concludes that the letters are best suited to bring the
reader closer to the tragedy of Nathanael. He also reports on Nathanael's
life situation and describes Clara, towards whom he takes a very positive
position.
Nathanael now changes a lot: he sinks into dark dreams and believes that
life is ruled by a higher power, which Clara dislikes, especially when
Nathanael sees Coppelius as the evil principle that disturbs the love
happiness of the two. Nathanael sinks more and more into his world of
thoughts and begins to fantasize about Coppelius and Clara's eyes. Over
time, Clara becomes bored with the never-ending flow of tale and poetry
Nathanael recites to her and becomes increasingly distant. Nathanael feels
misunderstood by this, so in a fit of anger he calls Clara a "lifeless
automaton". Lothar, who meets Clara and is enraged by Nathanael's
disrespectful behavior towards her, challenges Nathanael to a duel, which
Clara is just able to prevent. Nathanael then throws himself dramatically in
front of Clara and affirms his boundless love for her, in stark contrast to
Clara's disappointment at the lack of love for Nathanael. He now also asks
Lothar for forgiveness from the bottom of his heart.
3
When Nathanael returns to his apartment soon after, he finds it burned
down. A fire had broken out in the pharmacy below and had spread
3
Ulrich Hohoff:
ETA Hoffmann, The Sandman: Textual Criticism, Edition, Commentary.De
Gruyter, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-11-011065-2.
spread further. However, his belongings could be saved to a new house,
which is now directly opposite Spalanzani's house. He notices that Olimpia
is sitting in her room (which he has a good view of) doing nothing else all
the time and seems to be looking over at him. He finds her pretty and is
filled with a great deal of curiosity. Completely surprisingly, Coppola visits
him, from whom he buys one of his prospects out of embarrassment
because of the previous expulsion. In order to finally be able to take a
closer look at Olimpia, he points it at her. Only now does he recognize her
true "heavenly beauty" and is "enchanted" to the window. When Coppola,
laughing out loud, disappears down the stairs, Nathanael gets a strange
feeling; it is as if a "deep death sigh" goes through the room, but he
pushes,
In the days that follow, he can't take his eyes off Olimpia and watches her the
whole time through the perspective. His "beloved" Clara and Lothar have
slipped his mind and he doesn't give them a single thought anymore.
When he learns that Spalanzani is planning to hold a party where he wants
to introduce his daughter to the public for the first time, Nathanael is
delighted. At this ball, Nathanael is the only one who dares to ask her to
dance, which makes him even more mesmerized. To everyone else, Olimpia
seems very "mechanical", lifeless and almost too perfect. He, on the other
hand, loses his last doubts about his love for her and they kiss. He begins to
meet more often with Olimpia to read his poems and stories to her. Unlike
the critical Clara, she only replies “Oh! Ah!”, which Nathanael interprets as
expressing a very poetic and profound mind; he sees her as the person who
fully understands him. When Nathanael insinuates to Spalanzani that he
wants to marry her, gives him to understand that he will give her completely
free choice. He then decides to propose to Olimpia, but he bursts into the
midst of a fight between Coppola and Spalanzani over Olimpia, whom he
only now recognizes for what she is: one
automated wooden dummy. After a violent altercation, Coppola escapes
with Olimpia's body, and Spalanzani tells Nathanael to follow him to
recover the automaton. But Nathanael, seeing Olimpia's "bloody
eyes" (her glass eyes in Spalanzani's blood) lying on the ground, jumps at
his neck to kill him, but this is prevented by the crowd that has meanwhile
arrived. Nathanael goes insane and becomes insanemadhouse brought,
where he spends an unspecified time.
The fictional narrator speaks to the reader again and reports that Spalanzani
has to drop out of university because he "betrayed mankind with the
mechanical puppet". Coppola remains missing (again).
Nathanael seems freed from insanity and plans to marry Clara and move
to the country with her. With some final shopping in town, Nathanael and
Clara climb the Council Tower to enjoy the view once more. Once at the
top, Clara alerts Nathanael to an approaching gray bush, who then
reaches into his side pocket and captures the Coppola's perspective.
Seeing Clara through it, he seems to go mad again and tries to throw her
down the tower. Lothar is just able to save her when Nathanael sees
Coppelius standing in a crowd at the foot of the tower. Coppelius keeps
the people from stopping Nathanael with the words "Ha ha - just wait,
he'll come down of his own accord". With the words "Ha! Sköne Oke –
Sköne Oke”, with which the weather-glass dealer Coppola had also
offered his perspective, Nathanael throws himself to his death. Coppelius
disappears into the crowd.
After several years, Clara is said to have finally found quiet domestic
happiness with a husband and two children, at least "one wants to have seen
Clara in a distant area". The last sentence reads as follows: “It could be
concluded from this that Clara still found the calm domestic happiness that
appealed to her cheerful, fun-loving spirit and that her torn Nathanael
could never have granted.”
4
Clara's fate remains uncertain, and the
prospect could also only be an illusion.
ETA Hoffmann deals with various topics in "The Sandman":
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The eye motif: The eyes play a decisive role in both the sandman in the
old wives' tale and in Olimpia. They reflect, as is proverbially known,
the soul of a person. Since the Sandman throws sand in the eyes, he
corrupts the souls of children in the broadest sense. Furthermore, in
Hoffmann's work, it becomes clear again and again that Nathanael
swaps man and machine, especially when he looks into the eyes of his
counterpart. Whenever the eyes seem to shine, Nathanael appears to
be human.
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The relationship between man and machine: through perspective, a
scientific instrument, Nathanael's madness is unintentionally evoked
again and again. Even the guests at Spalanzani's ball don't seem to
recognize the difference between man and machine at first glance.
Furthermore, the former scientist is criticized in the form of Spalanzani,
who does not seem to know the limits of science and deliberately betrays
his fellow human beings.
Criticism of the enlightened society
Motif of the woman: "The Sandman" is peppered with small ironic remarks
on the part of the narrator, which criticize the image of women at that time.
In one section, for example, it is described how the various male
representatives of certain professional groups (foggers and smokers, artists,
etc.) assess Clara. From this it follows that these Clara do not perceive Clara
as a whole personality, but only interpret some characteristics for
themselves. In another section of the work, the reaction of
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4
Barbara Neymeyer:
ETA Hoffmann: "The Sandman"(=Schroedel interpretations, Vol. 27).
Schroedel, Braunschweig 2014, ISBN 978-3-507-47725-4.
society on Spalanzani's betrayal: The men here want their wives to sing
off-key, dance off the beat and have deeper conversations. This is
justified by the fact that otherwise it would not be possible to
distinguish between women and robots like Olimpia. This makes it
clear how little women were trusted.
The fire motif: In “The Sandman” fire is always at the beginning of a
change. As a result of alchemical experiments, Nathanael's father dies
in an explosion. Nathanael is then ill for weeks. The fire in his student
room also means that he moves into the house opposite Spalanzani
and thus meets Olimpia. Fire and heat are related to Nathanael's
increasing madness. At the beginning he still feels a "glowing lust for
love" for Clara, later he describes Olimpia's eyes as "alively flaming".
The climax of the madness is reached when Nathanael yells "Fire circle
- fire circle" several times on the tower and then jumps to his death.
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