i m m u n i t i e s f r o m j u r i s d i c t i o n
741
proceedings.
239
Article 8 of the UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immu-
nities is essentially to the same effect.
240
If a state submits to proceedings, it is deemed to have submitted to any
counter-claim arising out of the same legal relationship or facts as the
claim.
241
A provision in an agreement that it is to be governed by the law
of the UK is not to be taken as a submission. By section 9 of the State
Immunity Act, a state which has agreed in writing to submit a dispute to
arbitration is not immune from proceedings in the courts which relate to
the arbitration.
242
In
Svenska Petroleum
v.
Lithuania
, the Court of Appeal
held that a failure to challenge an award made without jurisdiction did
not of itself amount to an agreement in writing on Lithuania’s part to sub-
mit the dispute to arbitration.
243
However, the Court noted that there was
no basis for construing section 9 of the State Immunity Act (particularly
when viewed in the context of the provisions of section 13 dealing with
execution) as excluding proceedings relating to the enforcement of a for-
eign arbitral award. It was emphasised that arbitration was a consensual
procedure and the principle underlying section 9 was that, if a state had
239
But not where the intervention or step taken is only for the purpose of claiming immunity,
or where the step taken by the state is in ignorance of facts entitling it to immunity if
those facts could not reasonably have been ascertained and immunity is claimed as soon
as reasonably practicable, s. 2(5). See also article 1 of the European Convention on State
Immunity, 1972.
240
This provides that: ‘1. A state cannot invoke immunity from jurisdiction in a proceeding
before a court of another state if it has: (a) itself instituted the proceeding; or (b) intervened
in the proceeding or taken any other step relating to the merits. However, if the state
satisfies the court that it could not have acquired knowledge of facts on which a claim to
immunity can be based until after it took such a step, it can claim immunity based on
those facts, provided it does so at the earliest possible moment. 2. A state shall not be
considered to have consented to the exercise of jurisdiction by a court of another state if
it intervenes in a proceeding or takes any other step for the sole purpose of: (a) invoking
immunity; or (b) asserting a right or interest in property at issue in the proceeding. 3.
The appearance of a representative of a state before a court of another state as a witness
shall not be interpreted as consent by the former state to the exercise of jurisdiction by
the court. 4. Failure on the part of a state to enter an appearance in a proceeding before
a court of another state shall not be interpreted as consent by the former state to the
exercise of jurisdiction by the court’.
241
See also article 1 of the European Convention on State Immunity, 1972 and article 9 of
the UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities.
242
See also article 12 of the European Convention on State Immunity, 1972 and article 17 of
the UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities.
243
[2006] EWCA Civ 1529, para. 113. See also
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