Chapter 1 Introduction: intelligent vehicular communications

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1.4 
VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
FIGURE 1.3 Vehicular Communication Technologies

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CHAPTER 1 
INTRODUCTION: INTELLIGENT VEHICULAR COMMUNICATIONS
Std 1609.-2010, IEEE P1609, IEEE Std 1609.11-2010, IEEE Std 1609.1, and IEEE Std 802.1-2012, 
respectively.
1.4.1.3 CALM
CALM standards are communication-centric and according to the requirement this application varies. 
The application of CALM includes communication protocols, allowing dynamic selection according to 
the need of the applications, competencies of access technologies, existing condition of the communi-
cation channels, and so forth. The ITS international SDO and other ITS communication international 
standards derived a set of CALM international standards for basic ITS vehicular networks around the 
globe. The ISO TC204 WG16 has developed the International Standards ISO 24102 for ITS Station 
Management and ISO 29281 for Non-IP Networking, which are a basic set of CALM communica-
tion standards. Furthermore, ISO 29281 contains the basic specifications of the ITS FAST networking 
and transport protocol that are part of CALM standardization. In addition to that, ISO 15628 access 
technologies and its applications are currently used for electronic toll services. ISO 24102 contains the 
specification of ITS FAST Service Advertisement.
1.4.1.4 Possible Vehicular Communication Systems
IR is most suitable for short-range communication in ITS. IR is appropriate for some specific ITS ap-
plications such as lane-specific communication due to its highly directional nature and increased data 
transfer rate, up to 1 Mbps. In addition, IR doesn’t require licenses and agreements with providers and 
there are no restrictions on bandwidth allocation. IR is the possible candidate for line-of-sight com-
munication. It can thus be used for V2I communication between RSU and vehicles. This technology 
is successfully implemented in several ITS projects such as Vehicle Information and Communication 
System (VICS) in Japan and the Truck Tolling Scheme in Germany.
Bluetooth technology is a possible candidate for short-range communication, and operates in an 
unlicensed band at 2.4 GHz over small distances of 10 m. The fundamental characteristics of bluetooth 
technology include low power, low cost, low complexity, and robustness. This technology is intended 
to provide wireless connection between different portable or fixed electronic devices in the vehicle 
basically suited for communication, such as onboard communication devices. In addition it can be used 
for technology that is wired but with an interface that is free to move, such as Internet over mobile and 
other existing networks.