8127/frame/fm

 
F
Fact, trier of, 296
Failure to disprove, 148
Failure to falsify, 172
False exclusion, 127, 261
False negative result, 260
False positive results, 213, 214, 215, 260
Faulds, Henry, 30
FBI, 317
Federal Rules of Evidence, 287, 294, 296
Federal Rules of Evidence, Articles I and IV of, 103, 
104
Fellow status, 307
Fibers, microscopic comparison of, 13–14
Fictional detectives, 23
Field practice, processing of crime scene, 195–219
crime scene, 196–207
crime scene defined, 197–198
processing of scene, 198–207
evidence, 207–217
collection and preservation, 208–210
contamination, 210–217
detection, 207–208
recognition, 207
questions, 196
Field sobriety testing, 40
Fingerprint(s), 28, 66
comparison, 46
data, 31
database, 30, 52
dermatoglyphic, 34, 56
DNA, 46
drug, 46
individuality models, 47
recognition of as crime detection tool, 30
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366
Principles and Practice of Criminalistics
Firearms, 37, 130
Firing pin, 36
Force for transfer, 95
Forensic education, 305
Forensic evidence, 127
Forensic organizations, codes of ethics for, 312
Forensic practice, obligations of analyst, 245–271
asking right question, 246–257
formulating hypothesis, 248
how much analyst should know, 248–252
translating legal question into science ques-
tion, 246–248
what science can contribute, 252–257
examination and analysis, 257–269
documentation, 258–259
interpretation and conclusions, 264–269
preserving integrity of evidence, 259–260
results, 260–263
verification of results, 263–264
Forensic profession, 66
Forensic samples, 212
Forensic science, 4, 18, 197
air of mystery invoked by, 22
definition of, 15
degree in, 43, 302
development of modern, 24
doctoral program in, 43
early fascination with, 25
education in, 250
future of, 323–328
law and, 15–17
physical evidence and circumstantial evi-
dence, 17
translating legal question into scientific ques-
tion, 15–17
master’s in, 303
mistakes repeated by those involved in, 22
nature of, 12
practice of, 80
profession of, 94, 299
program requirements, 302
state of practice of, 148
timeline, 329–341
Forensic science, evolution of, 21–71
evolution of concept, 43–61
association, 56–57
identification, 54–56
individualization, 45–54
reconstruction, 57–61
transfer, 43–45
evolution of practice, 29–43
from generalist to specialist, 40–43
physical evidence, 29–40
literary beginnings, 22–29
state of practice, 62–66
criminalistics as autonomous scientific disci-
ple, 64–65
criminalistics as profession, 65–66
recognition and collection of evidence, 62–64
Forensic science, unifying paradigm of, 75–80
principles, 77
processes, 77–79
association, 78–79
classification and individualization, 78
identification, 78
reconstruction, 79
Formal education, 301
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 
40, 117
Fracture, 87
Fragmentation, scale of, 88
Free antigens, 33
Freeway Killer, 198
Frei-Sulzer, Max, 36
Frequency
estimates, 141, 142
studies, 142
Friction ridge
examinations, 97
patterns, 29
FTIR spectroscopy, see Fourier transform infrared 
spectroscopy
Full-service laboratory, 240, 303
Fundamental principles, 29