Psychology of management

When creating a collective, it is necessary to start with setting clear ideas
which are 
quite a powerful means of unity. At first, these aims needn’t be too large and complicated, for 
people to be able understand them easily and gain success with certainty. Success produces trust, 
consent, and mutual understanding, and this is the key to new success. Nothing unites people like 
common search for solutions, that’s why people should be consulted with as often as possible. 
People’s creativity enables to disclose the collective’s potential in a new way. 
There are two types of collectives – formal and informal. Formal collectives are created 
by management for a certain period, temporally or permanently in order to perform some official 
work. This can be subunits within the enterprise’s hierarchical structure, or inter-functional ones, 
needed for coordination of main units’ activity, common search for important decisions. 
Simultaneously with the creation of formal groups there spontaneously appear a number 
of informal ones which jointly comprise the informal organization. It unites the same employees 
of formal collectives for their gaining their own aims quite distant from the official ones by 
discovering in the course of everyday communication ever more points of contact. 
Unlike formal collective, the 
informal
one is not created on purpose by anyone, it 
appears spontaneously
. The western specialists distinguish 
five stages of this process
. On the 
first stage people are united unconsciously, spontaneously, reacting to some events, for instance, 
to danger. On the second stage, the basis of the uniting are usually more conscious emotions – 
hatred or, on the contrary, devotion to something or someone. On the third stage an informal 
collective is united yet organizationally to struggle jointly against some outer constant danger. 
On the fourth stage as the factor uniting people acts something positive – aspiration for long-time 
establishing in competition or joining a prestigious club. And still, such informal entities are 
temporal. They become permanent on the fifth stage when people are united for solving large, 

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long-term goals which cannot be achieved otherwise. Thus appear trade-unions and political